Moreover, no difference in polyfunctional CD4+ T-cell profiles could be identified between BCG-vaccinated children from a high endemic area that either developed TB or did Autophagy inhibitor not, indicating that polyfunctional T cells are not a biomarker of BCG-induced protection against TB 39. In our study here we show the presence of mostly single and double positive T cells, the latter mainly present in CD8+ T cells, supporting previous findings that single and double positive T cells are prominent in LTBI 25, 28. This suggests that these double and single

cytokine-producing T cells play a significant role in Mtb immunity, although their precise nature and mechanisms of action requires more detailed Opaganib concentration studies. While most studies on polyfunctional T cells have focused on highly expressed Mtb early phase proteins such as ESAT6 and Ag85B, instead, we here have analyzed Mtb antigens that are expressed

during dormancy. It remains possible that antigens expressed during different phases of infection may preferentially induce different patterns of single, double and polyfunctional T cells. A striking observation was the wealth of epitopes that could be identified in Mtb DosR-regulon-encoded antigens, in accordance with the significant immunogenicity of Mtb DosR-regulon-encoded antigens in a wide variety of HLA backgrounds 40. The donors used to detect single peptide responses were anonymous Dutch blood bank donors. Although we have no precise information about their mycobacterial exposure status, we have shown previously that over 50% of blood bank donors respond to PPD; furthermore, responses to Mtb DosR antigens were also observed in nontuberculous mycobacteria-exposed donors, probably due to the high conservation of these antigens 41. Within several Mtb DosR-regulon-encoded

antigens highly immunogenic regions could be identified and a substantial number of peptides elicited both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses. Although HLA-class I presented peptides are typically 8–11 amino acids Endocrinology antagonist long, whereas HLA-class II ligands can be between 10 and 25 amino acids 35, 42, 43, we nevertheless found efficient CD8+ T-cell responses using 20-mers and confirmed Rv1733c-specific lysis of target cells by Rv1733cp181–189 specific CD8+ T cells. It has been suggested that apoptosis, induced by the cytotoxic activity of CTL, can inhibit Mtb growth or even kill Mtb bacteria 44–46. Granulysin may play a role in this mycobactericidal activity 47. In addition, vaccine-induced CD8+ T cells in mice indeed can reduce bacterial load in vivo 48. Again, this suggests a protective role for CD8+ T cells in Mtb infection. Our 6–10 day incubation period may have allowed internalization and processing of peptides for HLA-class I presentation or allowed cross-presentation via alternative antigen presentation pathways 49, 50.