1%; in patients with valvular disease in 4.9%; in patients with chronic coronary artery disease in 4.0%). Pulmonary ventilation was used in 25.0% (non-invasive ventilation in 11.1%, invasive ventilation http://www.selleckchem.com/products/arq-197.html in 16.1%). There were 94 patients who needed both invasive and non-invasive ventilation mostly because of no clinical improvement after non-invasive ventilation. The use of ventilator support according to the clinical syndromes is shown in Table Table55 and the in-hospital mortality according to the type of ventilatory support used is shown in Table Table6.6. Patients who required invasive ventilation had higher hospital mortality (13.9% versus 52.8%; P < 0.001) which was determined above all by heart failure severity. Patients treated by non-invasive ventilation had milder forms of acute heart failure (acute decompensated heart failure 41.

0%; pulmonary edema 35.6%; and cardiogenic shock 13.0%) in comparison with patients treated by invasive ventilation (acute decompensated heart failure 13.8%; pulmonary edema 20.0%; and cardiogenic shock 58.6%). We did not find significant differences in age, gender, ejection fraction or comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, previous myocardial infarction, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)) between the two groups. Patients requiring invasive ventilation had slightly higher levels of creatinine at admission (median 109 versus 126 ��mol/L; P < 0.001).Table 4Pharmacotherapy by vasopressors and inotropes according to the syndromes of acute heart failure.Table 5Use of ventilation support according to the clinical syndromes.

Table 6Hospital mortality according to the ventilatory support used and syndromes of acute heart failure.Cardiogenic shockIn our study, 14.5% (N = 600) of patients were hospitalized with cardiogenic shock. In comparison with patients without cardiogenic shock, we did not find significant differences in age, gender, body mass index (BMI), diabetes mellitus, hypertension or COPD. De-novo acute heart failure was more frequent in patients with cardiogenic shock (68.3% versus 55.2% in patients without shock; P < 0.001) and acute coronary syndrome was the most widespread etiology of shock (61.3% versus 31.1% in patients without shock; P < 0.001). Patients with cardiogenic shock had higher blood glucose (10.8 mmol/L versus 7.7 mmol/L; P < 0.001), creatinine (129 ��mol/L versus 107 ��mol/L; P < 0.

001) and lower blood pressure (BP) on admission (110/65 mmHg versus 140/80 mmHg; P < 0.001). Patients with shock needed more intense treatment: adrenaline was used in 44.9%, noradrenaline in 73.6%, dobutamine in 36.1% and dopamine in 25.0% of patients; 19.3% of patients received IABC (Table (Table44).Predictors of in-hospital mortalityThe univariate and Batimastat multivariate models of in-hospital mortality predictors are shown in Table Table7.7.