6C). If the inhibition of L-plastin phosphorylation is a main mode of

action of dexamethasone, then it should also interfere with F-actin stabilization upon antigen recognition. To address this point, we analyzed the effects of dexamethasone on the F-actin content in T cells stimulated with superantigen-bearing APCs using MIFC. The F-actin content in untreated or dexamethasone preincubated T cells was similar if T cells were left unstimulated (Fig. 7A and B). In contrast to the unstimulated situation, the F-actin content was higher in stimulated control T cells (MPI=108.26) compared with dexamethasone-treated and -stimulated T cells (MPI=77.56) (Fig. 7A and B). This finding correlate well to the data observed with cells expressing 5A-LPL since dexamethasone inhibits L-plastin phosphorylation (compare Figs. 4 and 6). Given that L-plastin phosphorylation is mandatory for the inhibitory NVP-BEZ235 XL765 supplier effect of dexamethasone on actin polymerization and immune synapse formation, the expression

of a phospho-mimicking mutant of L-plastin should at least in part revert the phenotype triggered by dexamethasone. An exchange of serine to glutamic acid at position 5 (5E-LPL) was shown to mimic phosphorylated L-plastin 10. We compared T cells expressing EGFP or 5E-LPL regarding its sensitivity toward dexamethasone. In primary human T cells, the expression level of 5E-LPL was relatively low. We therefore used (by gating) only EGFP-positive T cells of the EGFP or 5E-LPL transfections with the same expression level for that comparison (Fig. 7C). Interestingly, while the increase in F-actin following Resminostat T cells stimulation with SEB-loaded APCs was inhibited by dexamethasone in EGFP-expressing T cells, 5E-LPL-expressing T cells showed no inhibition in the F-actin content

in stimulated T cells (Fig. 7D). Moreover, the immune synapse formation was not affected in 5E-LPL-expressing T cells that were pretreated with dexamethasone, whereas EGFP-expressing T cells showed a significantly reduced formation of the immune synapse (Fig. 7E, left graph). Interestingly, 5E-LPL expression could only rescue the disturbed LFA-1 accumulation (Fig. 7E, middle graph), but not the defective CD3 enrichment (Fig. 7E, right graph). Together, these experiments show that inhibition of L-plastin phosphorylation is an important step mediating the disturbed LFA-1 enrichment in dexamethasone-treated T cells. Deliberate and well-regulated immunosuppression is beneficial in treating autoimmune diseases or preventing transplant rejection. One class of frequently used immunosuppressive drugs are glucocorticoids. Here, we introduce a so far unknown mechanism by which the glucocorticoid dexamethasone induces immunosuppression, namely the inhibition of L-plastin phosphorylation, which eventually leads to impaired immune synapse maturation.