Additionally, the genes encoding RelA and SpoT, two different ppGpp synthetases that produce the nucleotide alarmone ppGpp in response to amino acids or carbon starvation [37], were induced after 2 h and 8 h of starvation. This upregulation seems to be a sign of intracellular amino acid depletion when X. fastidiosa cells were transferred to XDM0 medium. Increase in the levels of these enzymes might indicate that some functional categories containing differentially Idasanutlin expressed genes (RNA metabolism, biosynthesis of amino acids and translation) were affected by the stringent response in addition to nitrogen starvation. With the exception

of the three genes described above (rocF, pip and pepQ), all other differentially expressed genes AZD2014 solubility dmso related to protein metabolism (16 genes) were repressed under

nitrogen starvation (Table 1). Among them were genes encoding the major systems of chaperones MX69 datasheet and proteases of the cell, typical of the heat shock response, such as groEL, groES, hspA, dnaJ, dnaK, grpE, clpB, mopA, htpX, hspA and mucD, and almost all were repressed during the three time-points of nitrogen starvation (Additional file 2: Table S2). These genes are transcribed by σ32 in X. fastidiosa [23], but the rpoH gene encoding σ32 was two-fold induced in the 8 h and 12 h periods. This strong repression by nitrogen starvation, at least for the groESL operon, could be mediated by the heat-inducible transcriptional repressor HrcA, once the hrcA gene was four-fold induced in 2 h. Severe downregulation in the expression of genes encoding chaperones and proteases of the heat shock response by nitrogen starvation was previously observed in E. coli [38]. Another interesting observation was the differential expression of a large number of genes (23 induced genes and 8 repressed genes)

present in the pXF51 plasmid, most of them encoding proteins of the type IV secretion system, involved in bacterial conjugation [39]. Identifying the RpoN regulon using DNA microarrays and in silico analysis In a previous work we have demonstrated, CYTH4 using microarray data, that few genes are downregulated in the rpoN mutant strain, when the experiments were performed in complex PWG medium. Under those experimental conditions, only the pilA1 gene (XF2542) seemed to be directly activated by σ54, and probably in association with the two component system PilR/PilS [25]. To determine the effect of rpoN inactivation on gene expression after nitrogen starvation, the transcriptomes of the wild type and the rpoN strains were compared using DNA microarrays, with both strains grown on XDM2 medium and submitted to nitrogen starvation during 2 hours.