Because FFQ was developed to determine the most common food items for the population as a whole, its applicability for assessing the nutrient intakes of people whose eating patterns deviate considerably from those of the mainstream is limited. It is stated that FFQ may overestimate at low energy intakes and underestimate at high-energy intakes [29]. Thus, its applicability for assessing the nutrient intakes of rugby players regarding this study, especially players who
show much higher or lower energy intake than the general check details population, may be limited. It has been stated that a 7-day dietary record increases the reliability of collected data [29]. However, in the present study, FFQ was chosen because it is much less burdensome than the 7-day dietary record, in consideration of the busy schedule of the subjects’ rugby training and academic studies. Even with this limitation taken into consideration, it is worthwhile
to collect dietary assessments of these athletes because, as far as the authors are aware, this is the first study to examine serum lipids, lipoproteins, and iron status of rugby playing forwards and backs in Japan. Serum lipids, lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, and LCAT One study [9] reported on the lipid profiles of rugby players, which showed a paradoxical decrease in HDL-C and apo A-I in the rugby players compared with those in the control group. However, this study only compared rugby players as a single group with controls and did not measure HDL-C subfractions. It has been
shown that increased levels of HDL2-C, HDL3-C, and both subfractions were associated with decreased STA-9090 order risk of myocardial infarction [30]. In the present study, we divided rugby players into forwards and backs and obtained different results. The forwards showed more atherogenic lipid profiles, such as significantly lower HDL-C Farnesyltransferase and HDL2-C, than the backs, and significantly higher apo B than the control group. On the other hand, the backs showed not only anti-atherogenic lipid profile, such as significantly higher HDL-C, HDL3-C, and apo A-I, but also showed atherogenic lipid profile, such as significantly higher LDL-C, than the control group. Proposed factors affecting blood lipid and lipoprotein concentrations include physical activity, body composition, dietary and nutrient intakes, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption [2, 3, 7, 21, 30]. In the present study, the https://www.selleckchem.com/p38-MAPK.html subjects were all non-smokers. In addition, there were no significant differences among the three groups in terms of cholesterol, P/S ratio, intakes of yellow and green vegetables, other vegetables, and fruits, as well as alcohol consumption. Thus, influences of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and these dietary and nutrient intakes appear to be limited. However, the cause of atherogenic and anti-atherogenic lipid profiles in rugby players could be multifactorial.