Care must be taken to avoid contamination of fetal DNA with maternal DNA; detection of such contamination can be performed by short tandem repeat (STR) analysis. The same strategy as for prenatal diagnosis of X-CGD can be used for prenatal diagnosis of other CGD subtypes [40], although this may be more complicated if the parents each carry different mutations. In cases where the family-specific mutations are not known, different methods must be applied. Partial

or complete gene deletions can be recognized by MLPA or array CGH analysis of genomic DNA, but more subtle abnormalities require the use of allele-specific markers. The MLPA or CGH probes and the allele-specific markers should be chosen in the surroundings of the gene that is supposed to be mutated. Step-by-step protocols for laboratory diagnostics (short and extensive) are PLX3397 chemical structure given in Tables 3 and 4 and in Fig. 1. D. R. obtained financial support from the Chronic Granulomatous Disorder Society, London, UK, and from the European Commission E-Rare ABT-263 cost program (EURO-CGD grant). The authors declare no conflicting interests. D. R. and M. d. B. wrote the paper together. “
“Citation Pertyńska-Marczewska M, Głowacka E, Grodzicka A, Sobczak M, Cypryk K, Wilczyński JR., Wilczyński J. Profile of peripheral blood neutrophil cytokines in diabetes type 1 pregnant women and its correlation with selected parameters in the newborns. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63: 150–160

Problem  Interleukin (IL)-12, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6 and IL-8 alter as pregnancy progresses, implying continuous immune regulation associated with the maintenance of pregnancy. We aimed to evaluate the peripheral blood neutrophil-derived production of these cytokines in the course of pregnancy complicated by type 1 diabetes. Method of study  These parameters were measured in samples from healthy non-pregnant (C), diabetic non-pregnant (D), healthy

pregnant (P) and pregnant diabetic (PD) women. Results  Neutrophil-derived secretion of TNF-α and IL-12 increased along with progression of pregnancy Fludarabine mouse in PD and P groups. The concentration of IL-10 from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated neutrophils increased during the course of uncomplicated pregnancy but decreased in diabetic pregnancy. Concentration of IL-8 decreased with the advancing gestational age in P and PD groups. LPS-stimulated neutrophil-derived IL-6 concentration increased only in PD patients. Conclusion  Our results show that diabetes creates pro-inflammatory environment thus potentially influencing the outcome of pregnancy. We conclude that neutrophil-derived cytokine production could contribute to the complications seen in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes. “
“Prior murine studies have demonstrated the pivotal role that Blimp-1 has in the exhausted phenotype of T lymphocytes in chronic viral infection. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Seddiki et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2013.