Demographics, ulcer size and location of ulcers were compared between patients with and without symptoms, and between patients with uPUD and BPU. Univariate associations with symptoms were initially explored using the χ2-test with the Yates correction for continuity, where appropriate, and a Kruskal–Wallis

one-way Selleck Alvelestat anova was used to determine differences in cumulated symptom response to nutrient challenge test among the three groups where appropriate at a significance level of P ≤ 0.05. The primary hypothesis tested was that there is a difference between patients with BPU and uPUD for the cumulated symptom response to a standardized 800-ml nutrient challenge. We thus compared the response to a standardized nutrient challenge for patients with BPU, uPUD and HC and between patients with and without symptoms. anova adjusting for age, gender and body mass index (BMI) was used to compare the cumulative symptom response. P-values ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean. For the statistical analysis sas Version 6.12 (sas Institute, Cary, NC, USA) and spss Version 12 (spss, Alectinib concentration Chicago, IL, USA) were used. Demographic data, the characteristics of the ulcers and the various factors that could potentially determine the symptoms of patients with BPU and uPUD are shown in Table 1. All patients had peptic ulcer

with a mucosal break at least 3 mm in diameter with visible depth confirmed by endoscopy. Most (15/25) of the patients with uPUD had been treated with PPI and in most instances, the ulcer had the appearance of being in the healing phase. Eighty-three

percent of the patients with BPU were asymptomatic prior the bleeding event. In contrast, all patients with uPUD presented with abdominal pain (P < 0.0001). Patients with BPU were significantly older than patients with uPUD (P = 0.01). There was no significant difference in mean age between HC and patients with uPUD or BPU. Patients with BPU had significantly larger ulcers (P < 0.01). Only two patients with BPU had diabetes Inositol monophosphatase 1 whose blood sugar had been well controlled by medication. There were no significant differences in gender, BMI, location of ulcers, number of ulcers, use of NSAIDs, or smoking between the groups. At the time of diagnosis, rates of H. pylori infection were not significantly different among the groups (uPUD = 48%, BPU = 57%). On the study day, two of patients with BPU, two uPUD patients and six HC tested positive to H. pylori (after receiving H. pylori eradication therapy). However, there were no significant differences in H. pylori infection among the groups (P > 0.99 between BPU and uPUD patients). After at least 8 weeks of treatment of the ulcer, and confirmation of healing of GU, most patients were asymptomatic. Twenty-five out of 30 (83%, 95%CI 65–94%) patients with BPU and 13/25 (52%, 95%CI 32–72%) patients with uPUD reported no symptoms on GIS and NDI.