DTI could not be performed at standard intervals for every patient due to different timing of admission to the hospital and of initial diagnosis. In one patient, MRI and DTI

were obtained three times: 21 days and 11 and 23 months after occurrence of the inciting lesion. Another patient was studied 5 times after the onset of disease: at 8, 12, 32, 38, and 44 months. In the remaining 8 patients, DTI was performed only once. The time interval between RG7204 order inciting lesion and DTI of patients ranged from 21 days to 60 months. Demographic and clinical profiles of patients with HOD are summarized in Table 1. Thirteen affected GMT were studied from 10 patients (both triangles from 3 patients). Thirteen GMTs were used from control subjects,

which were selected from age, sex, and side matched 10 neurologically normal population. All MRI examinations were performed in a 3T scanner (Trio, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) using 8-channels head coil. Axial Turbo Spin Echo (TSE) T2, TSE T1, fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, sagittal, Selleckchem Birinapant and coronal TSE T2 were obtained. Single shot spin echo echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence was used to obtain diffusion weighted images (DWI). Sixty slices covering the whole brain were acquired with 2-mm × 2-mm × 2-mm isotropic resolution, time of repetition (TR) = 10,100 ms, time of echo (TE) = 100 ms, bandwidth = 1,300 Hz/pixels, field of view (FOV) = 256 × 256 mm, and find more scan time = 11.35 minutes. Parallel imaging was used with acceleration factor 2. The b-factor was set to 0 and 700 s/mm2. For generating the diffusion tensor, 60 uniformly distributed directions over the unit sphere were used. The DTI datasets were processed by using DTI task card software (Massachusetts General Hospital). The diffusivity along the fiber tract (axial diffusivity, λ//), the diffusivity perpendicular to the fiber tract (radial diffusivity, λ⊥), ADC and FA were calculated using the principal diffusivities: (1) Using the FA maps, FA color maps and EPI T2 weighted images (b = 0 DWI), ROIs were placed manually

on IO, the central tegmental tract, the superior cerebellar peduncle, the red nucleus, and the dentate nucleus of patients and the control subjects on consensus by two experienced radiologist (A.D., 16 years experience, and E.K., 8 years experience). The DWI datasets were chosen for ROIs selection, instead of other structural imaging data, to avoid any potential for misregistration related to patient motion and inconsistent geometric distortions between EPI and non-EPI sequence MR imaging. Furthermore, 2-mm isometric voxel DTI datasets allowed identification of different compartments of the brain stem.8 The size and the location of ROIs were standardized for each anatomical region. EPI T2, FA, and color FA were displayed alternatively to guide the selection of ROIs. Referring to anatomical knowledge, ROIs were placed on axial slices at five levels. Each ROI consisted of one slice only.