During the first 3.5 min of the first PF increment, p correlated well with NPQ (Fig. 9b, d; r 2 = 0.88 ± 0.02), while a weaker correlation coefficient was observed during the first minutes of the second light increment (r Torin 1 clinical trial 2 = 0.61 ± 0.09). NPQ showed an overshoot but stabilised

at levels similar to dark values (Figs. 3, 8), whereas p did not show this overshoot and stabilised at a value slightly lower than the one in the dark (Fig. 9a), suggesting a small decrease in connectivity. A further increase in irradiance to 200 μmol photons m−2 s−1 induced similar kinetics compared to the dark–light treatment albeit to a lower extent and p stabilised at a value slightly below the value at the previous irradiance. Similar strong but negative relationships were found for the relationship between p and F′ or F m ′, where the fluorescence decreased with an increase in connectivity (Fig. 9e, f; r 2 = 0.89 ± 0.05 and 0.90 ± 0.05 for F′ and F m ′, respectively). In the second light increment, correlation coefficients were weaker for p versus F′ and GDC-0199 nmr F m ′ (r 2 = 0.57 ± 0.10 and 0.59 ± 0.11 for F′ and F m ′ in the first 3.5 min of 200 μmol photons m−2 s−1 irradiance treatment). Fig. 9 Connectivity p (a), NPQ calculated using the Stern–Volmer equation ((F m  − F m ′)/F m ′) (b) and F’, F m ′ (c) during the first

minutes of the dark–light transition and the following higher irradiance treatment. Data were extracted from Fig. 3 (i.e. the experiment, where cells were exposed to consecutive increasing photon fluxes) and rearranged for better comparison. Filled symbols show the first light treatment, open symbols the following irradiance step. Numbers Celecoxib in the legends refer to the photon flux [closed symbols (50 μE) = 50 μmol photons m−2 s−1; open symbols (200 μE) = 200 μmol photons m−2 s−1]. Please note that data from the first and second light increment are plotted on the same timeline for improved comparability. d A positive correlation between NPQ and

p, while correlations were negative for F′ (e) and F m ′ (f). F′ and F m ′ in (e, f) have also been normalised to values prior to light treatment. Changes on the Y-axis therefore depict the relative change of F′ and F m ′, which explains why F′ values can be higher F m ′. Correlation coefficients were stronger (r 2 ≥ 0.88) in cells exposed to the first light increment (closed symbols) compared to the higher irradiance in the second light step (open symbols, r 2 ≤ 0.61). For readability reasons F′ has been normalised to 0.4 and not 1 in (c). Data show mean and SD (n = 3) Discussion When algal cells are exposed to saturating irradiances photoprotective mechanisms will be activated. Normally the first line of defence is the activation of the xanthophyll cycle, leading to the dissipation of (excess) energy as heat (qE) (Demmig-Adams and Adams 1993; Adams and Demmig-Adams 1995; Horton and Ruban 2005; Ljudmila et al. 2007; Papageorgiou et al. 2007). In D.