EM residency programs that required a rural rotation had increased resident selection of rural jobs, but only 5% of programs had this requirement.”
“The goal of this two-year study was to explore the role of nutrients and climatic conditions in promoting reoccurring Alexandrium fundyense blooms in the Northport-Huntington Bay complex, NY, USA. A bloom in 2007 was short and small (3 weeks, 10(3) cells L(-1) maximal density) compared Selleck ERK inhibitor to 2008 when the A. fundyense bloom, which persisted for 6 weeks, achieved cell densities >10(6) cells L(-1) and water column saxitoxin concentrations >2.4 x 10(4) pmol STX eq. L(-1). During the 2008 bloom, both deployed mussels (used as indicator

species) and wild soft shell clams became highly toxic (1400 and 600 mu g STX eq./100 g shellfish tissue, respectively) resulting in the closure of shellfish beds. The densities of benthic A. fundyense cysts at the onset of this bloom were four orders of magnitude lower than levels needed to account for observed cell densities, indicating in situ growth of vegetative cells was responsible for elevated bloom densities. Experimental enrichment of bloom water with nitrogenous compounds, particularly ammonium, significantly increased A. fundyense densities and particulate saxitoxin concentrations relative

to unamended control treatments. The delta(15)N signatures (12-23 parts per thousand) of particulate organic matter (POM) during blooms were similar to those of sewage (10-30 parts per thousand) and both toxin and A. fundyense densities were PXD101 significantly

correlated with POM delta(15)N (p < 0.001). These findings suggest A. fundyense growth was supported by a source of wastewater such as the sewage treatment plant which discharges into Northport Harbor. Warmer than average atmospheric temperatures in the late winter and spring of 2008 and a cooler May contributed to an extended period of water column temperatures optimal for A. fundyense growth (12-20 degrees C), and thus may have also contributed toward the larger and longer bloom in 2008. Together this evidence suggests sewage-derived N loading and above average spring Evofosfamide molecular weight temperatures can promote intense and toxic A. fundyense blooms in estuaries. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“We proposed a novel surface modification for an artificial hip joint stem from the viewpoint of maintenance and establishment of appropriate bone function and microstructure, represented by the preferred alignment of biological apatite (BAp) and collagen (Col). Oriented grooves were introduced into the proximal medial region of the femoral stem to control the principal stress applied to the bone inside the grooves, which is a dominant factor contributing to the promotion of Col/BAp alignment. The groove angle and the stem material were optimized based on the stress inside the grooves through a finite element analysis (FEA).