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“Introduction Direct information about the three-dimensional (3D) structure of a protein complex is essential for understanding its functional organization. At present, electron microscopy (EM) is a widely applied technique for studying the structure of proteins and membranes, but it is still less common than X-ray Dinaciclib diffraction where solving the 3D structure of proteins became almost routine, once
suitable crystals have 4��8C been obtained. On the other hand, X-ray diffraction has two disadvantages in comparison to EM. First, the main disadvantage is the problem of getting well-ordered, large enough crystals. The interaction of electrons with material is stronger than for X-rays by a factor of about 10,000. This makes EM a useful technique for imaging single-layer 2D crystals or single protein molecules on a thin support film, in contrast to the thicker specimens in the (sub) micron range, used in X-ray diffraction. A second reason is that only diffraction patterns are obtained, whereas EM results in direct information in the form of images. Imaging of thin metal foils or gold clusters by EM will easily provide projections with atomic details, but obtaining structures of proteins at high resolution is much harder work.