Several clinicopathological studies have provided evidence that the prognosis of patients with MB depends on the histological tumor type. For example, the survival period for patients with anaplastic/large cell MB is shorter than that for patients with CMB.[2-7] Patients with MBEN are expected to have a better outcome

than patients with other types.[8, 9] On the other hand, it is still LY294002 unclear whether DNMB-type histology predicts a favorable outcome. Several investigations have indicated that patients with DNMB survive longer than those with CMB;[10-16] however, others have provided evidence to the contrary.[16, 17] A recent breakthrough in understanding the pathomechanisms of MB has been the discovery of the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway. Shh is considered to regulate growth and patterning during development

of the cerebellum,[18] and plays an essential role in the tumorigenesis of a subset of MB.[19, 20] Moreover, Shh plays an integral role in a wide variety of developmental processes in vertebrates, and in the development of carcinomas in various organs (Fig. 1A,B). The Shh ligand binds to patched (PTCH) receptors, and inhibits Daporinad price activity against Smoothened on the cytoplasmic membrane. In the on-state, Gli1 and Gli2, the Gli activators in mammals, are produced in the cytoplasm and transported into the nucleus, where various target oncogenes against Shh, including Cyclin D, Cyclin E, Myc, Gli1 and PTCH, are transcribed (Fig. 1B). In the off-state, by contrast, a Gli repressor, Gli3, is produced in the cytoplasm and transported into the nucleus,[21] where it inhibits transcription

of the target oncogenes and promotes normal differentiation (Fig. 1A). It is still unclear whether the expression of the Shh signaling pathway influences the differentiation of MB cells, and consequently affects the outcome of patients with MB. The present study attempted to determine whether expression of Gli3 contributes to neuronal differentiation of the Ketotifen tumor cells and to a favorable outcome for patients with MB. We reviewed the medical records of 32 consecutive patients (19 males, 13 females: age at onset, mean ± SD = 9.7 ± 5.8 years) with pathologically confirmed MB who were referred to the Brain Research Institute, University of Niigata, Japan, between 1982 and 2010. All the patients had undergone maximum possible tumor resection, followed by 30.6 to 36.0 Gy of craniospinal irradiation with a 18.0–23.4 Gy posterior fossa boost. Patients (n = 6: five male, one female: age 8.2 ± 7.2 years) who were admitted to our hospital between 1982 and 1991 had received radiotherapy only. On the other hand, a large proportion of the patients included in the present study (n = 23: 12 males, 11 females: age 9.8 ± 4.