The result shows that the expression of relevant cytokines decreased after deactivation. In addition, the expression of IL-12p40 and IL-6 was higher in GM-BMMs from Klf10-deficient mice than that from WT mice after deactivation (Fig. 4B). Moreover, the downregulation of Klf10 was abolished to some

extent (Fig. 4C), which may enhance its inhibitive function on the cytokines. These data may indicate that Klf10 alone is insufficient to inhibit the inflammatory factors in GM-BMMs; other factors are possibly involved in the suppression of inflammation in deactivated GM-BMMs. Klf11, another member of the KLF family, was also identified as a downregulated selleck screening library gene in LPS-stimulated M-BMMs. Klf11 is described as a TGF-β inducible early gene 2 and shares a highly conserved C-terminal DNA-binding domain with Klf10 [18]. In addition, Klf10 and Klf11 GPCR Compound Library ic50 have three repression domains in the

N-terminal, which define them as a subfamily of repressor. We supposed that Klf11 may have a similar role in the regulation of inflammatory factors in M-BMMs. First, we found that overexpression of both Klf10 and Klf11 can inhibit the production of IL-12p40 and IL-6 in M-BMMs from WT mice and can rescue their overproduction in M-BMMs from Klf10-deficient mice (Fig. 5A). Therefore, we knocked down Klf11 through RNA-mediated interference. The efficiency of RNAi was confirmed by qPCR (Supporting Information Fig. 6A). The inhibition of Klf11 resulted in an increased production of IL-12p40 in WT cells, and this phenomenon was more notable in Klf10-deficient cells (Fig. 5B). Therefore, Klf10 Selleck C225 and Klf11 may have a similar function in the regulation of IL-12p40. However, interference of Klf11 in the same conditions did not result in a significant change of IL-6 as that in the overexpression assay. Moreover, we

used another SiRNA, as previously reported [42], to confirm the inhibitory function of Klf11 in the regulation of IL-12p40 (Supporting Information Fig. 6B and C). These data indicated that Klf11 can act similarly to Klf10 in the inhibition of IL-12p40 production. The KLF family members are characterized by a DNA-binding domain capable of binding to target genes to regulate their transcriptional activities and gene expressions. IL-12p40 promoter was sequenced to determine whether Klf10 can regulate the expression of IL-12p40 in a direct manner and a CACCC site was found therein (Fig. 6A). The binding site was highly conserved in mammals (Fig. 6B), similar to the CACCC-binding site of erythroid Krüppel-like factor in human macrophages. Subsequently, a series of luciferase reporter construct that can encode a WT IL-12p40 promoter (−283 to +99 bp), a mutant with 2-bp mutations in the CACCC site (at –233 bp), or a 5′ deletion promoter construct (−223 bp) were constructed to investigate whether Klf10 can repress the transcription of IL-12p40.