This information will contribute to enhance water management and improve the design of adaptive measures. In the following section, we introduce the precipitation data and the methodology that includes SPI estimation, PCA and SSA. In Section 3, we present the results for the spatiotemporal behavior of dry and wet EPE and the spatial extent of extreme drought and wetness. Finally, some implications of the findings are discussed in Section 4 and the concluding remarks are presented in

Section 5. We used monthly observed precipitation data from 23 meteorological stations from the National Weather Service and National Institute of Agricultural Technology in Argentina. The stations were chosen considering

this website their record length and completeness, 17-AAG clinical trial the absence of gaps and the data quality. Stations in the NEA are not homogeneously distributed in space (see Fig. 1b), and therefore we used the following high-resolution (0.5° × 0.5°) gridded precipitation datasets: the Climatic Research Unit time-series dataset version 3.2 (CRU TS 3.2, Jones and Harris, 2012), spanning 1901–2011 and the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre dataset version 6 (GPCC v6, Schneider et al., 2011) from 1901 to 2010. The process of selection of the precipitation series used in this paper is based on the stability of the meteorological stations and in the

confidence in the measurements as evidenced by tests of coherence and consistency: Kolmogorov–Smirnov (Von Storch and Zwiers, 1999) and double mass curves of doubly accumulated precipitation (Remenieras, 1974). Furthermore, the degree of randomness in the time series was assessed by the accumulated periodogram method (Anderson, 1977). Moreover, the selection process of the time series satisfies Bay 11-7085 the requirements of quality control stated in Chapter 9 of the WMO Guide to Hydrological Practices (WMO, 2008). The gridded datasets were validated with observed precipitation by creating average spatial time series (Fig. 2). The mean values of the series are 941 mm in the observed series, 925 mm in GPCC v6 dataset and 868 mm in CRU TS 3.2. We also calculated the Pearson correlation coefficients between average spatial time series of observed data and the gridded datasets. For the total period of our paper (1901–2010), the correlation coefficient between observed data and GPCC v6 (r = 0.946) was quite similar to the correlation with CRU TS 3.2 (r = 0.943). Both Pearson correlation coefficients are statistically significant at the 0.01 confidence level. The 99% confidence interval for r is computed from the probability points of the standard normal distribution ( Chatfield, 2004). Fig.