This study aimed to examine the differences in HRV indices and su

This study aimed to examine the differences in HRV indices and subjective feelings of anxiety and relaxation among four different breathing patterns. Methods: Forty-seven healthy college students were recruited for the study, and a Latin square experimental design with a counterbalance in random sequences was applied. Participants were instructed to breathe at two different breathing rates (6 and 5.5 breaths) and two different I:E ratios (5:5 and 4:6). The HRV indices as well as anxiety and relaxation levels were measured at baseline XMU-MP-1 concentration (spontaneous

breathing) and for the four different breathing patterns. Results: The results revealed that a pattern of 5.5 bpm with an I:E ratio of 5:5 produced a higher NN interval standard deviation and higher low frequency power than the other breathing patterns. Moreover, the

four different breathing patterns were associated with significantly increased feeling of relaxation compared with baseline. Conclusion: The study confirmed that a breathing pattern of 5.5 bpm with an I:E ratio of 5:5 achieved greater HRV than the other breathing patterns. This finding can be applied to HRV biofeedback or breathing training in the future. (C) 2013 Elsevier Pevonedistat B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: To clarify the capability of identifying risk factors for placental abruption (PA) during the antenatal and the peripartum period. Methods: Case-controlled study with matched pairs (1:5) was conducted. In total, 123 women with PA and 615 without PA who delivered singleton babies after 24 weeks of gestation were enrolled. The subjects were subdivided into three groups: women with PA during labor and delivery, PA during the antenatal period and clinically small PA. The clinical risk

factors for PA in these groups were analyzed. Results: After performing multivariate logistic regression analyses, the risk factors for PA during labor and delivery were identified to be the presence of anemia Givinostat Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor before 20 weeks [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 4.05] and small for gestational age (SGA) fetuses (aOR 5.20), while the risk factors for PA during the antenatal period were identified to be SGA fetuses (aOR 5.39), preterm uterine contractions (aOR 5.96) and preeclampsia (aOR 3.37). The risk factor associated with clinically small PA was the presence of anemia before 20 weeks (aOR 6.41). Conclusions: It was likely that the etiologies differ between cases of PA that occur during the antenatal period and cases that occur after the onset of labor.”
“Human choices are remarkably susceptible to the context in which options are presented. The introduction of an inferior option (a decoy) into the choice set can make one of the original options (the target) more attractive than and the other original option (the competitor).

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