This study was also supported by NeuroNova (a nonprofit Company for advancement of Genomics). The authors would like to thank G. Ernst-Jansen, G. Gajewsky, J. Huber, E. Kappelmann, S. Sauer, S. Damast, M. Koedel, M. Asmus, A. Sangl, and H. Pfister for their excellent technical support. We further are grateful to R. Hemauer, R. Borschke, and E. Schreiter for excellent MRI data aquisition. We acknowledge the work of Yurii S. Aulchenko, A. Cecile, J.W. Janssens, Maksim Struchalin, and Ben A. Oostra for the ERF study. E.B.B. currently receives Enzalutamide supplier grant support from NIMH, the Behrens-Weise Foundation, and PharmaNeuroBoost. F.H. is founder and shareholder of Affectis Pharmaceuticals and HolsboerMaschmeyer NeuroChemie

GmbH. Over the past two years, B.M.-M. has been a consultant for Affectis. C.M.v.D. discloses her affiliation to the Centre for Medical Systems Biology (CMSB). Within the last 3 years, K.J.R. has received research funding support from NIMH, NIDA, Lundbeck, Burroughs Wellcome Foundation, and NARSAD, and he has an unrelated agreement with Extinction Pharmaceuticals for NMDA-based therapeutics. Patent applications: A.M., E.B.B., and F.H. are inventors of means and methods for diagnosing predisposition for treatment emergent suicidal ideation (TESI), international application

number PCT/EP2009/061575. E.B.B., F.H., B.M.-M., and M.U. are inventors of (1) FKBP5, a novel target for antidepressant therapy, international publication number WO 2005/054500; and (2) polymorphisms in ABCB1 associated with a lack of clinical find more response to medicaments, international application number PCT/EP2005/005194. “
“The extension of axons and dendrites from 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl the cell body marks the dramatic

morphological polarization of the typical neuron. This morphology is critical because it is tightly coupled to neuronal network function, where electrical information is picked up in the dendrites and transmitted down the axon. The first step in the generation of neuronal networks, therefore, is the efficient coordination of neuronal polarization. This can also be thought of as the first step in axono/dendritic guidance. Thus, how this orientation decision is regulated, and how the appropriate axis is selected from the myriad of possibilities offered by a 3D tissue, is an important question in developmental neurobiology, yet little is known about how this happens within the embryonic nervous system. In the late 1980s it was discovered that isolated hippocampal neurons plated on homogeneous substrates first undergo a period of randomly oriented explorations, but then project a single axon and multiple dendrites in the absence of any polarizing extracellular cues (Dotti et al., 1988). These neurons progress through a staged series of behaviors, including a prolonged multipolar phase, known as Stage 2, where dynamic neurites are extended and retracted in various orientations from the cell body.