Together, this exemplifies the Torin 1 difficulties in answering the hen and egg question. However, it also highlights the close interaction of the environment and T cells with the impact of microbes on Th-cell differentiation, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, the impact of specific Th-cell subsets on microbial colonization and infection risks [77]. Dysbiosis of the human skin or mucosal surfaces is therefore prone to result in alterations in Th subset composition and thus potentially in immune mediated skin diseases. The increasing diversity of Th cells

has introduced difficulties in the assignment of observed phenotypes to a certain subset. Approaches to grouping Th cells according to cytokine secretion, master transcriptional regulators, or chemokine receptor profiles are widely used but still not sufficient to explain heterogeneous phenotypes. Furthermore, Th cells exert their function

in a complex, tissue- and disease-specific microenvironment influencing the migratory capacity, activation, and behavior of T cells. Further GDC-0199 nmr investigation is needed to elucidate these complex interactions leading to a comprehensive understanding on T-cell function and to new and sophisticated classification approaches for Th cells. This work was supported by the “Impuls and Vernetzungsfond” of the Helmholtz Association and the Fondation Acteria (S.E.) and the SFB650 (C.E.Z.). The authors declare no financial or

commercial Celecoxib conflict of interest. “
“Citation Khan SA, Jadhav SV, Suryawanshi AR, Bhonde GS, Gajbhiye RK, Khole VV. Evaluation of contraceptive potential of a novel epididymal sperm protein SFP2 in a mouse model. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 66: 185–198 Problem  Sperm flagellar protein 2 (SFP2), which was earlier identified using a novel combinatorial approach, was evaluated for its contraceptive potential in mice. Method of study  Male mice were actively immunized with two synthetic peptides of SFP2. Antipeptide antibody was characterized by Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence. Immune response was monitored, and mating studies were performed 6 and 22 weeks post-immunization. Result  Antibodies to the SFP2 peptide 1 recognized a doublet at 220- to 230-kDa region only in the epididymal protein extract. Peptide 1 antibody recognized the cognate protein on spermatozoa from mouse, rat, and human. Histological analysis of testis and epididymis of the immunized mice indicated no deleterious effect. Incubation of sperm with the immune sera of peptide 1 caused significant reduction in motility and viability but did not agglutinate sperm.