We identified 26 groups; GSK3235025 in vitro nine were monitored in both years. Group size ranged from two to eight (mean±se=3.14±0.30, N=35) with 15 (42.86%) of 35 pairs accompanied by one to six subordinates. There were no inconsistencies between methods of identification (ear-tag vs. digital photographs). Group size increased significantly (F(1,33)=7.860, R2=0.165, P=0.008) (Fig. 3) and subordinates were more likely to be present (Wald χ2=6.995, P=0.008) further from the fur seal colony. Visual tracking and re-sightings of individually identifiable jackals confirmed that all groups travelled to the colony. Commuting distance varied from 0.45 to 20.03 km (mean±se=5.70 km±0.96,

N=35). We recorded 39 highways in eleven 1 km transects (mean±se=3.50 highways km−1±1.17). Highway density declined significantly with distance from the colony (F(1,9)=13.626, R2=0.602, P=0.005), (Fig. 4). We recorded agonistic and self-advertisement behaviour by all 12 dominant pairs. Agonistic behaviours involved chasing (N=86) of Topoisomerase inhibitor non-group, often same-sex, individuals at a run or trot

with ears pinned back, head down, back straight or arched and tail straight down or swishing. Intruders responded by moving away immediately or following display of submissive behaviour. Physical contact through fighting or biting was not recorded as part of territorial defence during the 6 week focal observations. We recorded 78 boundary displays in which neighbouring pairs would pace along their boundary in parallel, scent-marking frequently and emitting loud vocalizations. Self-advertisement through vocalizations (N=38) and tandem scent-marking (raised-leg urination, typically accompanied by scratching and rubbing) by the dominant pair (N=1419) was observed within or on the border of their territory. Additional, opportunistic observations during October to February confirmed self-advertisement and defence behaviour persisted outside of the 6-week focal observation

periods. Territory size was calculated for 12 different groups and for three in both years. Territory size ranged from 0.20 learn more to 11.11 km2 (mean±se=3.12 km2±0.98, N=15), increased significantly with distance from the colony (Wald χ2=46.140, P=<0.001) (Figs 1 and 5), but was independent of group size (Wald χ2=1.180, P=0.292) and presence of subordinates (Wald χ2=1.392, P=0.238). Among groups that were successful in breeding there was no relationship between number of dens and territory size (Wald χ2=0.624, P=0.430). For two of three groups for which territory size was estimated in both years, no substantial changes in territory size were observed. For one group, territory size declined by 64% in the second year of study (Fig. 1). Notably this group failed to breed in 2005. Although territory boundaries shifted over time there was consistency in space use by these three pairs between years, indicating site fidelity.