We studied

a set of 18 aged and 22 young male C57BL/6N mice, in which the aged group performed poorer than the young in single-trial novel object recognition testing (two-tailed p = 0.005, U test). Apparent decreases in the Calb1 immunoreactivity (measured by quantitative immunohistochemistry) in aged mice compared to that in young mice were not statistically significant either in the hippocampal CA1 subfield or dentate gyrus. In the aged mouse group, levels of Calb1 immunoreactivity both in the CA1 subfield and dentate gyrus correlated directly with the measure of recognition memory performance (Spearman rank correlation r(s) = 0.47 and 0.48, two-tailed p = 0.047 and 0.044,

Vorinostat respectively). check details Our results suggest that hippocampal Calb1 expression affects memory performance in aged mice probably via its role in maintaining neuronal calcium homeostasis. Alternatively, our finding of lower Calb1 immunoreactivity with poorer memory performance in aged mice might be attributed to saturation of Calb1 protein by higher levels of intracellular calcium, due to aging-related dysregulation of neuronal calcium fluxes. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“GABA(A) receptors in the CNS mediate both fast synaptic and tonic inhibition. Over the past decade a phasic current with features intermediate between fast synaptic and tonic inhibition, termed GABA(A,stow), has received increasing attention. This has coincided with an ever-growing appreciation

for GABAergic cell type diversity. Compared with classical fast synaptic inhibition, GABA(A,slow) is slower by an order of magnitude. In this review, we summarize recent studies that have enhanced our understanding of GABA(A,slow). These include the discovery of specialized interneuron types from which this current originates, the factors that could underlie its characteristically slow kinetics, its contribution to specific Protein kinase N1 aspects of integrative function and network oscillations, and its potential usefulness as a novel drug target for modulating inhibitory synaptic transmission in the CNS.”
“Temperature is of fundamental importance in the functioning of the cardiovascular system of ectothermic fish, with cold-induced ventricular hypertrophy and increased red muscle mass being reported in a number of fish species upon cold acclimation. This study demonstrates a non-linear cold-induced ventricular hypertrophy in common carp (relative ventricular mass (RVM)=0.086 +/- 0.003%, 0.074 +/- 0.005% and 0.074 +/- 0.004% at 5, 15 and 25 degrees C, respectively), but a cold-induced atrophy of the lateral red muscle mass (RMM) with respect to total muscle mass (2.504 +/- 0.554%, 3.982 +/- 0.818% and 4.490 +/- 0.256% at 5, 15 and 25 degrees C, respectively).