We thank Frederich Cruz, Jeff Colbert, Sharlene Hubbard and Diego Farfan for technical assistance, and Hajime Kono for assistance in designing the experiments. We thank Maureen Bower and Ashley Weaver, Gnotobiotic Core of the Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, for assistance with experiments using germ-free mice. Support for the Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease is provided by National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant P30 DK034987. This work was supported by grants to K.L.R GSK1120212 datasheet from the NIH and Diabetes Endocrinology Research Center. The authors declare no financial or commercial

conflicts of interests. The authors disclose no financial or commercial conflicts of interests. “
“It has been reported that interferon (IFN)-γ-secreting T cells reactive to gluten can be detected in the peripheral blood of individuals with treated coeliac disease (CD) after a short consumption of wheat-containing food. By contrast, very little is known about the reproducibility of this in-vivo procedure in the same patient cohort which underwent two, or more, gluten consumptions.

Fourteen coeliac patients in remission consumed wheat bread for 3 days; 13 underwent a second gluten challenge after a wash-out of 3–10 months on a strict gluten-free diet. Immune reactivity to gluten was analysed in peripheral blood by detecting IFN-γ before and 6 days after commencing a gluten diet. Gliadin-specific IFN-γ-secreting CD4+ T cells increased significantly Selinexor on day 6 of the first challenge. These cells resulted as prevalently human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ restricted and with a phenotype of gut homing, as suggested by the expression of β7-integrin. Similarly, reactiveness to gliadin was observed after the second wheat consumption, although with an individual variability of responses at each challenge. Our findings confirmed that the short wheat challenge is a non-invasive

approach to investigate the gluten-related immune response in peripheral blood of subjects intolerant to gluten. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the in-vivo procedure can be reproduced in the same subject cohort after a gluten Protein kinase N1 wash-out of at least 3 months. Our study has important implications for the application of this procedure to clinical practice. Coeliac disease (CD) is a chronic enteropathy due to an abnormal immune reaction to gluten, the storage proteins of wheat, barley and rye [1]. Gluten peptides escaping proteolysis from gastrointestinal enzymes activate proinflammatory T cells that play a central role in the induction of mucosal atrophy in coeliac patients [1]. Great progress in understanding CD pathogenesis has come from the use of gluten-specific T cell clones and T cell lines raised from intestinal biopsies [2,3].