While corticosteroids are generally regarded as nonspecific immunosuppressants, we showed that in our cohort, prednisolone therapy induced a specific suppression of dominant IgG4+ clones, while the majority of the BCR repertoire remained intact despite the high-dose

therapy. Arguably, corticosteroid therapy may ultimately have less generic effects on the circulating B cell repertoire than rituximab, which is currently investigated for its value in corticosteroid-resistant IgG4-RD patients23 and has the advantage that it only targets CD20-positive cells, while leaving other cells of the immune system unharmed. It would be of CX-4945 datasheet interest to compare the effects of corticosteroids and rituximab on the BCR repertoire in IgG4-RD. The consistent detection of dominant IgG4+ clones in IAC patients appears to be a specific feature of IAC and may open up new possibilities for the development of more sensitive selleckchem and specific biomarkers for this group of IgG4-RD. Larger prospective cohorts are needed to verify the feasibility of using the presence of dominant IgG4+ clones in the peripheral blood IgG repertoire as a diagnostic marker for IgG4-RD. We thank Rebecca Esveldt for technical assistance. Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this

article. “
“Introduction: Sofosbuvir (SOF) exhibits a high barrier to resistance with no S282T or phenotypic resistance detected in the Phase 3 studies. In these studies, L159F and V321A were identified as SOF D-malate dehydrogenase treatment-emergent NS5B substitutions using a 10-15% standard

population sequencing detection assay cut-off. In vitro, these variants had <2 fold shift in SOF EC50 and were associated with reduced fitness compared to wild-type. Here a more sensitive analysis was performed to evaluate emergence of substitutions at NS5B positions L159, S282, and V321 in 7 SOF studies and 5 SOF + ledipasvir (LDV) studies. Methods: The NS5B gene from patients who did not achieve SVR12 was deep sequenced with an assay cut-off at 1%. Emergence of substitutions was evaluated at NS5B positions 159, 282, and 321 in patients from 7 SOF studies (NEUTRINO, FISSION, POSITRON, FUSION, VALENCE, PHOTON-1 and the liver pre-transplantation study P7977-2025) and 5 SOF+LDV studies (LONESTAR, ELECTRON, ION1, ION2, and ION3). Results: In the 7 SOF studies, 344 patients were included in resistance analysis. L159F and V321A developed in 42/344 (12.2%) and 16/344 (4.7%) patients, respectively. L159F and V321A were present as minor populations of viral quasispecies (<10%) in 30/42 and 10/16 of those patients and would not have been detected by standard population sequencing. L159F and V321A declined in frequency in 13/19 and 9/10 patients between 4-20 weeks post initial detection, respectively. No S282T, but low levels of S282R, S282N, or S282G were detected in 4/344 (1.2%) patients; these minor variants were unable to be phenotyped in vitro.