A: Total enterocolitis score of larval zebrafish exposed to different TNBS concentrations (0, 25, 50 and 75 μg/ml) at 4, 6 and 8 dpf. The scores were quantified by a blinded scorer. For each score, a total of 30 folds (10 per intestinal segment) were evaluated per intestine and 6 intestines were evaluated for each experimental group from three independent experiments. All error bars represent as mean ± SEM. n=6 larvae per group, a Indicates a significant difference (p<0.05) between CFTRinh-172 mw TNBS-exposed group (25 μg/ml) and the control, b Indicates a significant difference (p<0.05) between TNBS-exposed group (50 μg/ml) and the control, c Indicates a significant

difference (p<0.05) between TNBS-exposed group (75 μg/ml) and the control, d Indicates a significant difference (p<0.05) between control groups at 6 dpf and 4 dpf, e Indicates a significant difference (p<0.05) between control groups at 8 dpf and 4 dpf. B: Representative haematoxylin-eosin stained sagittal sections of the whole intestine tact and regions of the intestinal bulb, the mid-intestine and the posterior intestine from the statistically Selleck Idasanutlin significant groups taken at 4, 6 and 8 dpf. In the segment of the intestinal bulb (ib), the lumen expands and the depth of epithelial folds is progressively reduced during TNBS exposure (arrows). The mid-intestine is demarcated by the presence of

goblet cells and shows increased numbers with TNBS treatment (arrowheads). No significant changes are shown in the posterior intestine region between control and TNBS-exposed samples. a, anus; ib, intestinal bulb; G, gill arches; L, liver; sb, swim bladder; n, notochord; s, somite. Scale bars, 50 μm. Representative pictures of the statistically significant groups are shown in Figure 2B. In the intestine

bulb, the epithelium of control samples Cepharanthine was characterized by projections and clefts, whereas in TNBS-treated samples the epithelium appeared smooth and the lumen was expanded. In the mid-intestine region, higher numbers of goblet cells were Rho inhibitor observed in TNBS-exposed fish compared with controls. Histological analysis did not show epithelial architecture disruption in the posterior intestine of both control and TNBS-exposed groups. In addition, goblet cells were observed in the regions of intestinal bulb and posterior intestine of larvae exposed to TNBS, while the presence of goblet cells remained restricted to the mid-intestine in the control. The increase in goblet cells observed in TNBS-exposed larvae was further detected using AB-PAS staining as described above. As it is shown in Figure 3A, the number of goblet cells significantly increased with time and in a dose-dependent pattern. Representative pictures of maximum and minimum numbers of goblet cells in all 3 regions of the intestinal tract were shown in Figure 3B.