amentacea was rather low, varying from a minimum of 3.67% observed at T0 to a maximum of 10.3% observed at T1. In contrast, the δ13C values of C. amentacea increased at both locations ( Table 1) while δ13C enrichment in U. lactuca was negligible ( Fig. 2). U. lactuca δ15N values were significantly higher after 48 h at all sampling sites in the Gulf (t-test, p < 0.001), varying between 7.53 ± 0.14‰ and 8.58 ± 1.39‰ in the 4 macroareas with a minimum 15N enrichment of about 2‰ at Formia. The average increase in C. amentacea was 1‰ at all sampling areas except the PD-1 antibody inhibitor northern Vendicio area, where 15N enrichment was 1.6‰ ( Table 2 and

Fig. 3). There were no significant differences in algal isotopic enrichment between the two bathymetries (Table 2; Wilcoxon t-test, n.s.), nor was there any significant relationship between δ15N and distance from the coastline (Spearman’s correlation coefficient, n.s.). At the south-eastern sites, the isotopic difference between T0 and T1 in U. lactuca was selleck screening library higher than at the north-western sites, generating a north-west–south-east δ15N gradient, especially

at the bathymetry of 5 m ( Table 2 and Fig. 3). Two statistically different areas can be distinguished, with Scauri–Garigliano showing higher δ15N values (8.4‰) than Gaeta–Vendicio (7.6‰) at T1 (t-test; p < 0.05). Within each of these two areas, values were found to be spatially autocorrelated up to 1.5 km (p = 0.08; Fig. 4).

Marine coastal waters are the final recipients of nutrients translocated from land (Howarth, 2008 and Swaney et al., 2012), but their precise source and distribution can be difficult, costly and time-consuming to determine. The results of this study show that in Mediterranean coastal waters, anthropogenic sources of nitrogen (N) can be rapidly monitored using the opportunistic macroalga U. lactuca as a probe. This macroalga was found to assimilate dissolved N, displaying altered N stable isotope ratios in the polluted area with respect to the unpolluted area after 48-h exposure. Montelukast Sodium Macroalgae directly reflect the availability and isotopic composition of N sources thanks to their capacity to take up and store excess N in their tissues, with little or no fractionation during N uptake across a wide range of nutrient concentrations ( Cohen and Fong, 2005 and Lin and Fong, 2008). Variability in δ15N values among replicate fronds of U. lactuca, collected from coastal intertidal areas of the reference location, decreased dramatically after 48-h exposure, meaning that the isotopic signature converged to values typical of the deployment sites. This exposure time was much shorter than in similar studies with other algae ( Costanzo et al., 2005 and García-Sanz et al., 2011). U. lactuca has a high surface/volume ratio and a high nitrogen uptake rate ( Rosenberg and Ramus, 1984, Taylor et al., 1998 and Taylor et al.