In a study by Axtell et al. [7], the authors associated a poor response to IFN-β treatment with Th17-type immune responses in EAE mice. Supporting the EAE data, PLX4032 solubility dmso the authors identified elevated pretreatment serum levels of IL-17F in a small subgroup of IFN-β non-responders. Along the same lines, Lee et al. [12] reported positive correlations between high serum levels of IL-7 in RRMS patients and a good response to IFN-β treatment, and in-vitro experiments revealed Th1 differentiation

induced by IL-7. However, these findings were not validated in a recent study [13]. In this study, we aimed to investigate the type of immune responses (Th1, Th2, Th17) present in PBMC obtained at baseline from RRMS patients and classified based on their clinical response to IFN-β treatment. For this,

levels of IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-4, IL-17A and IL-17F were determined in culture supernatants from activated PBMC of responders and selleck screening library non-responders and also from healthy controls. Cytokine levels were similar between groups. Although these results are based on a relatively small number of responders and non-responders to IFN-β, the findings do not support an association between differential responses to IFN-β and Th1, Th2 or Th17 types of immune responses. However, it should be taken into account that stimulation with PMA Pregnenolone plus IO is associated with a strong and general PBMC activation, and therefore it remains unknown whether the use of more specific T cell activation, such as that provided by CD3 stimulation, may result in significant differences of the cellular immune responses

between IFN-β responders and non-responders. The authors thank the Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM) sponsored by the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS), Ministry of Science and Innovation, Spain, and the Ajuts per donar Suport als Grups de Recerca de Catalunya sponsored by the Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR), Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain. The authors have no conlicts of interest. “
“Macrophages and polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) represent an essential part of the innate immune system. These cells mediate a wide spectrum of immunological functions including bacterial defense, immune modulation, and inflammation; they are necessary for tissue homeostasis and also contribute to pathologies such as malignancy, autoimmunity, and chronic inflammation. Both macrophages and PMNs express a set of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), zinc-dependent endopeptidases that are involved in a variety of biological functions such as the turnover of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, angiogenesis, and the regulation of inflammation.