Profiles of the third cluster were most related (average within group similarity 84%) and contained DGGE profiles from all fecal samples. Figure 5 Representative DGGE profiles generated from PCR-amplified 16S-rRNA in fecal deposits from the control group of cattle. DNA from replicate fecal deposits (N = 3) were pooled for analysis. The time points were days (d) 7, 28, 56, 98, 112, and 175. M, marker used to normalize gels consisted of pooled DNA from all treatments on days 7 and 175. Figure 6 Similarity of DGGE profiles generated from PCR-amplified 16S-rRNA in cattle fecal deposits under field conditions. DNA from replicate fecal deposits (N = 3) were pooled for analysis.

The time points were days (d) 7, 28, 56, 98, 112, and 175. The treatments were: Control, no antimicrobial agents added to the diets of steers from which fecal deposits originated; A44, chlortetracycline (44 PF-6463922 ppm); AS700, chlortetracycline and sulfamethazine (each at 44

ppm); T11, tylosin (11 ppm). Correlations between gene copy concentrations Numerous correlations between the analyzed genes were significant (P < 0.05, Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4). Several were seen across all treatments and included the positive associations between erm (T) and tet (M) (r = 0.69 to 0.87), sul1 and sul2 (r = 0.80 to 0.95), and tet (M) and tet (W) (r = 0.56 to 0.79). From all treatments, the determinants tet (B), tet (C), and tet selleck chemical (L) were not associated. Other than the correlation between sul1 and sul2, the strongest correlations observed were Nintedanib (BIBF 1120) between genes erm (B), erm (T), and erm

(X) (r = 0.85 to 0.94) and the genes tet (W) and erm (T) (r = 0.92) within the T11 treatment. Table 1 Pearson correlation coefficient between antimicrobial resistance or 16S-rRN A genes in fecal deposits from cattle fed no (control) subtherapeutic antimicrobial agentsa.   tet (C) tet (L) tet (M) tet (W) sul1 sul2 erm (A) erm (B) erm (F) erm (T) erm (X) 16S-rRNA tet (B) 0.29 0.08 0.22 -0.10 0.40* 0.47* 0.34 0.26 0.30 0.24 0.45* 0.41* tet (C)   0.13 0.44* 0.03 0.12 0.29 0.17 0.44* 0.04 0.52* 0.43* 0.23 tet (L)     0.49* 0.62* 0.05 -0.06 0.46* 0.65* 0.34 0.24 0.31 0.29 tet (M)       0.56* 0.39* 0.36* 0.70* 0.66* 0.52* 0.74* 0.64* 0.76* tet (W)         -0.32 -0.42* 0.18 0.37* 0.53* 0.37* 0.11 0.31 sul1           0.92* 0.78* 0.36* 0.20 0.36* 0.61* 0.64* sul2             0.71* 0.41* 0.20 0.45* 0.72* 0.59* erm (A)               0.72* 0.46* 0.63* 0.78* 0.74* erm (B)                 0.39* 0.67* 0.77* 0.50* erm (F)                   0.54* 0.32 0.70* erm (T)                     0.70* 0.66* erm (X)                       0.59* a. Analysis was performed across time points, described in the Materials and Methods. Values were log-transformed GSK2118436 manufacturer before correlations analysis. *, P ≤ 0.05.