The capacity of L. Selleck Akt inhibitor crispatus L1 to produce H2O2 was tested with a semiquantitative assay on tetramethylbenzidine agar plates [15] using Brucella agar (Difco) containing 0.001% (w/v) horseradish peroxidase (Sigma), 0.023% (w/v) tetramethylbenzidine (Sigma) and 1% (w/v) starch. This medium was supplemented with 0.5 mg of bovine haemin (Sigma) and 0.1 mg of vitamin K1 (Sigma)

in 100 ml of final volume. Serial dilutions of lactobacilli were inoculated in the medium and incubated in anaerobic conditions at 37°C for 72 h. Plates were then exposed to ambient air and H2O2-producing colonies were revealed by the appearance of a blue colour. According to the colour intensity, the strains were classified as strong, medium, weak or negative this website (white colonies) Nec-1s producers [41]. Gastrointestinal survival: simulated gastric and pancreatic juices Shake flask experiments were performed to evaluate the capability of L. crispatus L1 to survive the gastrointestinal tract. Simulated gastric and pancreatic juices were prepared by slightly modifying the protocols reported by Kos and colleagues [42]. Briefly, gastric juices were simulated with a solution of NaCl, 125 mM, KCl 7 mM, NaHCO3, 45 mM and pepsine (Sigma Aldrich) 0.3% (w/v), with a final pH equal to 2 obtained by HCl addition.

Either 6.0∙108 cells · ml−1 (low dose, minimal starting density for shake flasks experiments Endonuclease necessary to avoid the lag phase) or 1.8·109 cells · ml−1 (high dose, typical amount delivered in probiotic commercial products) were inoculated into the medium and incubated 2–3 h in shaker at 37°C and 110 rpm to simulate physiological conditions. This step was followed by centrifugation (15 min at 1200 × g) and re-suspension of the cells in a solution containing pancreatine

(Sigma Aldrich) 0.1% (w/v), Oxgall bile (Sigma Aldrich) 0.15% (w/v) with a final pH equal to 4, to simulate pancreatic juices. The suspension was incubated for 3 h, after which cells were centrifuged and re-suspended in fresh MRS medium to evaluate bacterial growth. At the end of each step cell viability was measured by plating aliquotes and counting colony forming units (cfu). Fermenter experiments The fermenter used was a Biostat CT, Braun Biotech International (Melsungen, Germany), 2 l working volume, equipped with a digital control unit and connected to a PC for remote control via MFCS-win software. L. crispatus L1 was grown at T = 37°C, pH = 6.5. The stirring velocity was initially set to 100–200 rpm and increased up to 300 rpm during the experiment. The medium was sparged with nitrogen after sterilization prior to inoculation for at least 30 min. Experiments in batch mode were carried out using the SDM medium, controlling the pH by automatic addition of NH4OH (2.5 M).