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9:7432–7436. 23. Yi GC, Wang C, Park WI: ZnO nanorods: synthesis, characterization and applications. Semicond Sci Technol 2005, 20:s22-s34.CrossRef 24. Ahn MW, Park KS, Heo JH, Park JG, Kim DW, Choi KJ, Lee JH, Hong SH: Gas sensing properties of defect-controlled ZnO-nanowire gas sensor. Appl Phys Lett 2008, 93:263103.CrossRef 25. Yi J, Lee JM, Park WI: Vertically aligned ZnO nanorods and graphene hybrid architectures for high-sensitive flexible gas sensors. Sens Actuators B Chem 2011, 155:264–269.CrossRef www.selleckchem.com/products/LY294002.html 26. Liu J-y Y, X-x ZG-h, Y-k W, Zhang K, Pan N, Wang X-P: High performance ultraviolet photodetector fabricated with ZnO nanoparticles-graphene hybrid structures. Chin J Chem Phys 2013, 26:225–230.CrossRef 27. Yang K, Xu C, Huang L, Zou L, Wang H: Hybrid nanostructure heterojunction solar cells fabricated using vertically aligned ZnO nanotubes grown on reduced graphene oxide. Nanotechnology 2011, 22:405401.CrossRef 28. Lee JM, Yi J, Lee WW, Jeong HY, Jung T, Kim Y, Park WI: ZnO nanorods-graphene hybrid structures for enhanced current spreading and light CUDC-907 CP-690550 cost extraction in GaN-based light emitting diodes. Appl Phys Lett 2012, 100:061107.CrossRef 29. Rusli NI, Tanikawa M, Mahmood MR, Yasui

K, Hashim AM: Growth of high- density zinc oxide nanorods on porous silicon by thermal evaporation. Materials 2012, 5:2817–2832.CrossRef 30. Ferrari AC, Meyer JC, Scardaci V, Casiraghi C, Lazzeri Nintedanib (BIBF 1120) M, Mauri F, Piscanec S, Jiang D, Novoselov KS, Roth S, Geim AK: Raman spectrum

of graphene and graphene layers. Phys Rev Lett 2006, 97:187401.CrossRef 31. Mahmood K, Park SS, Sung HJ: Enhanced photoluminescence, Raman spectra and field-emission behavior of indium-doped ZnO nanostructures. J Mater Chem C 2013, 1:3138–3149.CrossRef 32. Huang MH, Wu Y, Feick H, Tran N, Weber E, Yang P: Catalytic growth of zinc oxide nanowires by vapor transport. Adv Mater 2001, 13:113–116.CrossRef 33. Park YK, Umar A, Lee EW, Hong DM, Hahn YB: Single ZnO nanobelt based field effect transistors (FETs). J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2009, 9:5745–5751.CrossRef 34. Liu L, Ryu S, Tomasik MR, Stolyarova E, Jung N, Hybertsen MS, Steigerwald ML, Brus LE, Flynn GW: Graphene oxidation: thickness dependent etching and strong chemical doping. Nano Lett 2008, 8:1965–1970.CrossRef Competing interest The authors declare that they do not have any competing interests. Authors’ contributions NFA designed and performed the experiments, participated in the characterization and data analysis of FESEM, EDX, XRD, and PL, and prepared the manuscript. NIR participated in the data analysis and preparation of manuscript. MRM participated in the PL characterization. KY participated in the revision of the manuscript.

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This cell is then said to be clonogenic. Single cells were plated and cultured for 10 days with CF 1:200 (Figure 2). Colony formation was absent in HCT-116 and MSTO-211, while HFF and Met-5A colony yields were unaffected. This shows that CF selectively inhibits the ability of HCT-116 and MSTO-211to Selleck LB-100 grow into a colony. Figure 2 HFF, Met5A,

HCT116 and MSTO colony formation capacity upon CF treatment. Five hundred viable cells, pretreated for 48 h with CF (1:200) and CNTRL, were allowed to grow in normal medium for 10-14 days and then stained by crystal violet solution. The image is representative of three independent experiments. CF induces https://www.selleckchem.com/products/MLN8237.html apoptosis in HCT-116 and MSTO-211 cell lines In order to confirm whether CF-induced growth inhibition was due to apoptosis, CF-treated and untreated HCT-116 and MSTO-211 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The G1 peak was increased in CF-treated HCT-116 cells. The percentage of G1 peak in control and CF-treated HCT-116 cells for 24 and 48 hours was 32.8 ± 0.8, 39.0 ± 0.19 and 48.6 ± 1.5, respectively (Figure 3A). The sub-G1 peak, which is indicator of apoptosis, was raised following 24 and 48 hours of CF-treated MSTO-211 cells. The percentage of this sub-G1 peak in control and CF-treated MSTO-211 cells for 24 and 48 hours was BYL719 research buy 2.5 ± 0.03, 11.2 ± 1.0 and 17.8 ± 2.0, respectively (Figure 3B), thereby suggesting apoptotic cell death.

Caspase-3 is expressed in cells as an inactive precursor from which the subunits of the mature caspase-3 are proteolytically generated during apoptosis. In our experiments we used a mouse monoclonal antibody raised against the full length caspase-3, so the reduction of the expression of caspase-3 indicates apoptosis. Expression of caspase-3 and cleavage of poly (ADPribose) polymerase (PARP) (the substrate of caspase-3, an early index of apoptosis) were detected in western blot (Figure 3C,D) in CF-treated HCT-116 and MSTO-211cells. These results show that

CF induces apoptosis in HCT-116 and MSTO-211 cells. These results show that CF induces apoptosis in HCT-116 and MSTO-211 cells. Figure 3 Effects of CF on the HCT116 and MSTO cell-cycle progression and apoptosis. Cell cycle analysis after propidium iodide staining was performed by flow cytometry in HCT-116 and MSTO cells untreated Clomifene (CNTRL) or treated with CF (1:200) for 24 and 48 h (CF24 h and CF48 h). The percentages of HCT-116 and MSTO cells in the different phases of cell cycle was reported in graph (A) and (B), respectively. Data are expressed as mean ± SD of at least three independent experiments. Western blot of total lysates indicates that the CF activates caspase-3 and PARP cleavage in HCT-116 (C) and MSTO (D) cells upon CF treatment (1:200) for 24 and 48 h versus the untreated control (C). γ tubulin was examined as a loading control. The image represents three independent experiments.

syringae pv. phaseolicola will not prevent the appearance of economically-damaging halo blight lesions in bean crops. Despite the lack of evidence for an active role in lesion formation, our phenotypic analyses of iron uptake and growth under iron limiting conditions confirmed that siderophores are indeed important for Caspase Inhibitor VI ic50 fitness of P. syringae 1448a during iron starvation. Although P. syringae has traditionally Go6983 ic50 been defined as a phytopathogen, it is unclear how important pathogenicity really is to the survival of this bacterium in the wild [53]; and it may be that the P. syringae 1448a siderophores are more important for epiphytic survival on leaf surfaces,

in soil or water than during infection. However, given the clear superiority of pyoverdine as a siderophore, it is unclear why P. syringae 1448a makes achromobactin also. All of the fluorescent Pseudomonas species known apart from one exception (P. putida KT2440 [54]) synthesize at least one secondary siderophore and there is presumably some fitness benefit to be derived from this investment.

There is evidence that secondary siderophores can have affinity for metals other than iron (reviewed by Cornelis [55]). The presence of orthologs of known nickel-transport genes immediately adjacent to the P. syringae 1448a achromobactin cluster in the P. syringae 1448a genome sequence [27] may find more be indicative of a similar role in this bacterium (although we were unable to discern any phenotypic effect of nickel addition or exclusion on achromobactin synthesis in the pvd- mutant; not shown). It has also recently been shown that both primary and secondary siderophores (including the pyoverdine and pyochelin produced by P. aeruginosa [56]) can actually play defensive roles in sequestering toxic metals like aluminium, cobalt, copper and lead,

which appears to protect bacteria against uptake of these metals by passive diffusion [57]. Independent of a direct role in metal transport or sequestration, it has been suggested that secondary PAK5 siderophores can also be involved in various signaling pathways [55], or can have antimicrobial activities that are distinct from their iron scavenging properties [58]. Alternatively, Dominique Expert and co-workers have demonstrated that achromobactin in the phytopathogen D. dadantii is synthesized temporally before the primary NRPS-derived siderophore chrysobactin [25]; and have proposed that achromobactin in this bacterium may function as a provisional measure, enabling cells to respond more rapidly to fluctuations in iron availability while the slower chrysobactin system is established [25, 51]. We suggest that a likely explanation for this scenario lies with the high energy investment required for activating NRPS mechanisms of siderophore synthesis. NRPS enzymes are amongst the largest known, with single proteins routinely exceeding 200 kDa [59].

Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009,81(2):296–301.PubMed 36. Levine MM, Ferreccio C, Prado V, Cayazzo M, Abrego P, Martinez J, Maggi L, Baldini MM, Martin W, Maneval D, et al.: Epidemiologic studies of Escherichia coli diarrheal infections in a low socioeconomic level peri-urban community in Santiago, Chile. Am J Epidemiol 1993,138(10):849–869.PubMed 37. Germani Y, Begaud E, Duval P, Le Bouguenec C: Prevalence of enteropathogenic,

enteroaggregative, and diffusely adherent Escherichia coli among isolates from children with diarrhea in new Caledonia. J Infect Dis 1996,174(5):1124–1126.PubMed 38. Cohen MB, Nataro JP, Bernstein DI, Hawkins J, Roberts N, Staat MA: Prevalence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in acute childhood enteritis: a prospective controlled study. J Pediatr 2005,146(1):54–61.CrossRefPubMed 39. Gunzburg ST, Chang BJ, Elliott SJ, Burke V, Gracey PU-H71 manufacturer M: Diffuse and enteroaggregative patterns of adherence of enteric Escherichia coli isolated from aboriginal children from the Kimberley region of Western Australia. J Infect Dis 1993,167(3):755–758.PubMed 40. Jenkins C, Chart H, Willshaw GA, Cheasty T, Tompkins DS: Association of putative pathogenicity genes with adherence characteristics and fimbrial genotypes in typical enteroaggregative Escherichia coli from patients with and without diarrhoea in the United Kingdom. ARN-509 concentration Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007,26(12):901–6.CrossRefPubMed 41. Huang DB, Nataro JP, DuPont HL, Kamat PP, Mhatre AD,

Okhuysen PC, Chiang T: Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli is a cause of acute diarrheal illness: a meta-analysis. Clin

Infect Dis 2006,43(5):556–563.CrossRefPubMed 42. Bouzari S, Jafari A, Azizi A, Oloomi M, Nataro JP: Short report: characterization of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli isolates from Iranian children. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2001,65(1):13–14.PubMed 43. Okeke I, Lamikanra A, Czeczulin J, Dubovsky F, Kaper J, Nataro J: Heterogeneous virulence of enteroaggregative Amine dehydrogenase Escherichia coli strains isolated from children in Southwest Nigeria. J Infect Dis 2000, 181:252–260.CrossRefPubMed 44. Cerna JF, Nataro JP, Estrada-Garcia T: Multiplex PCR for detection of three plasmid-borne genes of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli strains. J Clin Microbiol 2003,41(5):2138–2140.CrossRefPubMed 45. Carver TJ, Rutherford KM, Berriman M, Rajandream MA, Barrell BG, Parkhill J: ACT: the Artemis Comparison Tool. Bioinformatics 2005,21(16):3422–3423.CrossRefPubMed Authors’ find more contributions AS co-conceived the study, designed and coordinated the work, contributed to reading HEp-2 adherence assay slides, and provided significant input into writing the manuscript. LRM-S performed and read HEp-2 adherence assays, performed DNA hybridizations and maintained and mined strain databases. JNF contributed to reading HEp-2 adherence assay slides and made contributions to writing the manuscript. INO co-conceived the study, performed sequence analyses, designed and validated the PCR-RFLP and wrote the first draft of the manuscript.

67)   age SR PEP MEP SSR sexual function Normal values   <38 msec <45 msec <31 msec <1.7 sec   Mean values 56.9 33.47(sd 6.2) 41.59(sd 9.54) 27.44(sd 4.83) 1.66 (sd 0.21)   Abnormal (%)   12 (17.9%) 11 (18.9%) 12 (23.5%) 20 (45.5%) 11 (16.4%) Normal   55 (82.1%) 47 MK-2206 chemical structure (81%)

39 (76.5%) 24 (54.5%) 56 (83.6%) Not evaluated   0 9 16 23 0 Table 2 Results for the overall postoperative group(n. 57)   age SR PEP MEP SSR sexual function Normal values   <38 msec <45 msec <31 msec <1.7 sec   Mean values 57.9 36.57(sd 9.54)* 41.92(sd 3.95) 28.08(sd 3.12) 1.81(sd 0.22)***   Abnormal   18 ** (33.3%) 10 (21.7%) 13 (33.3%) 20 **** (71.4%) 34***** (59.6%) Normal   36 (66.7%) 36 (78.3%) 26 (66.7%) 8 (28.6%) 23 (40.4%) Not evaluated   3 11 18 29 0 * p ≤ 0.04 *** p ≤ 0.009 ***** p ≤ 0.0001 ** p ≤ 0.05 **** p ≤ 0.03 K concordance test : SR vs sexual dysfunction k = 33 p ≤ 0.006 SSR vs sexual dysfunction k = 38 p ≤ 0.02 SR = sacral reflex PEP = pudendal somatosensory evoked potentials MEP = motor evoked potentials SSR = sympathetic skin responses The results were compared with a second group of 67 BAY 11-7082 research buy patients (43 males and 24 females, mean age 56.9 years, range 19-73 years) to be submitted to surgery for rectal cancer. This group of patients was similar

to the first one for age, sex and highness. Only 10 of these patients could be studied both pre- and postoperatively (table 3 and 4). 10 patients submitted to high dose preoperative chemoradiation were studied to evaluate the effect of this treatment on sexual function (table 5 and 6). Table 3 Results for the preoperative group (n. 10)   Age SR PEP MEP SSR Sexual function Normal values   <38 msec <45 msec selleck chemical <31 msec <1.7 sec   Mean values 56 34.08(sd 5.18) 40.35(sd 3.84) 28.40(sd 3.07) 1.75(sd 0.17)   Abnormal   2 (20%) 1 (12.5%) 1 (20%) 2 (28.6%) 2 (20%) Normal   8 (80%) 7 (87.5%) 4 (80%) 5 (71.4%) 8 (80%) Not evaluated   0 2 5 3 0 Table 4 Results for the postoperative

group (n. 10)   age SR PEP MEP SSR Sexual function Normal values   <38 msec <45 msec <31 msec <1.7 sec   Mean values 58 35.63(sd 8.10) 42.35(sd Mirabegron 3.54) 25.78(sd 2.72) 2.33(sd 0.49)*   Abnormal   2 (20%) 3 (37.5%) 0 6 ** (85.7%) 6 *** (60%) Normal   8 (80%) 5 (62.5%) 5 (100%) 1 (14.3%) 4 (40%) Not evaluated   0 2 5 3 0 * p ≤ 0.04 ** p ≤ 0.12 *** p ≤ 0.12 SR = sacral reflex PEP = pudendal somatosensory evoked potentials MEP = motor evoked potentials SSR = sympathetic skin responses Table 5 Results for the prechemoradiation group (10 patients)   Age SR PEP MEP SSR Sexual function Normal values   <38 msec <45 msec <31 msec <1.7 sec   Mean values 57.5 34.76(sd 4.33) 43(sd 3.51) 24.64(sd 4.64) 1.69(sd 0.09)   Abnormal   2 (20%) 2 (28.6%) 1 (14.3%) 1 (25%) 0 (0%) Normal   8 (80%) 5 (71.4%) 6 (85.7%) 3 (75%) 10 (100%) Not evaluated   0 3 3 6 0 Table 6 Results for the postchemoradiation group (10 patients)   Age SR PEP MEP SSR Sexual function Normal values   <38 msec <45 msec <31 msec <1.7 sec   Mean values 57.8 33.58(sd 5.82) 42.43(sd 3.27) 27.

These cells have diverse functions within the host including phagocytosis of bacterial, fungal, parasitic and viral pathogens, cytokine and chemokine biosynthesis for inflammatory mediated responses to invading pathogens as well as regulation of cellular metabolic processes including fatty acid S63845 metabolism, iron reprocessing and mineral reabsorption [9–11]. In response to certain biological triggers, monocytes or macrophages form multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs), which

involves the fusion of adjacent cells and results in a multinucleated cell with a single cytoplasmic compartment [12]. MNGCs are a well characterized phenotype in tissue granuloma formation in response to bacterial infection, with the most notable being associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Using various animal, human, in vitro cell culture and explant tissue models of Mtb infection it has been demonstrated AMN-107 solubility dmso that monocytes develop into various MNGC types, which is essential in the confinement of Mtb within infectious granulomas [13–20]. Likewise,

monocyte and macrophage MNGC formation can be induced in vitro using various conditioned mediums containing exogenous cytokines, lectin, phorbol myristate acetate and even select antibodies [21–32]. The most notable cytokines associated with monocyte and macrophage differentiation into MNGCs are Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and Interferon gamma (IFN-γ). However, recent reports have also demonstrated that MNGC formation is dependent on diverse range of cellular proteins including CD36, TREM-2, E-cadherin, CCL2 Emricasan in vivo and Rac1, MMP9, DC-STAMP, E-cadherin and Syk; all of which are involved in intracellular signaling, cell surface communication, proteolysis, chemotaxis and cellular

transcription [28, 33–43]. A unique phenotypic characteristic of Bp infection, in addition to Burkholderia mallei (Bm) and Burkholderia thailandensis (Bt), is the ability to induce host cell FER MNGC formation following cellular uptake, in both tissue culture cells (i.e. murine macrophages) and in primary human cells (patients with active melioidosis) [44–47]. MNGC formation has been demonstrated in both phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells in addition to patient tissue(s) with active melioidosis [46–54]. The importance of Bp-mediated MNGC formation during infection is currently unknown, but it is possible that cell to cell spread via MNGC allows the pathogen to avoid immune surveillance in vivo. The Bp genome encodes a diverse range of specialized protein secretion systems including three type III secretion systems (T3SS) and six type VI secretion systems (T6SS) [1, 55, 56]. Mutation of the Bp T3SS-3, which is homologous to the Shigella Mxi-Spa and Salmonella SPI-1 T3SSs, results in loss of Bp induced MNGC formation, inability of endosomal escape and loss of virulence in animal models of Bp infection [50, 53, 57].

No plausible explanation has been proposed for their occurrence, and the association between BPs and musculoskeletal pain has therefore been questioned [132].

Bisphosphonate and the risk of renal failure In line with the renal elimination of BPs, it is not recommended to prescribe BPs to patients with a creatinine clearance less than 30 ml/min, and this is specified in the Summary of Products Characteristics of BP who were granted an European Marketing Authorisation. In all pivotal studies of BPs, chronic kidney diseases (CKD) constituted an exclusion criterion, based on the calculated estimated glomerular filtration rate using the formula of Miller et al. [133]. In these large studies, however, several patients with CKD, but without other calcium metabolism SIS3 abnormalities, notably in serum calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, vitamin D and PTH were included. Some exceptions DZNeP to this 30-ml/min rule could therefore be theoretically possible [133–135]. Even if clinical trials and clear recommendations in the population with CKD are lacking, many clinicians suggested to halve the dose or reduce the frequency of administration of BPs in CKD [135]. Potential indications of BPs in CKD are the prevention of bone loss in kidney after transplantation. However, in these cases, no antifracture efficacy has so far been demonstrated with BP use [136–138].

Moreover, some patients treated with IV pamidronate developed low-bone turnover adynamic bone [137]. Calciphylaxis is a rare complication of CKD. Case reports have suggested the potential usefulness of BPs in its treatment [139, 140]. Proteinuria and proximal PU-H71 concentration tubular necrosis has been described in mice and rats after parenteral doses of pamidronate sodium and clodronate five to 20 times higher than clinical doses used in humans [141]. However, acute renal toxicity was also reported in humans

after rapid infusion of high doses of non-n-BPs Progesterone [142]. Renal function deterioration, defined by elevations in the serum creatinine level, was observed in up to 15% of the patients receiving 4 mg of zoledronic acid over 15 min in trials of treatment for bone metastases (compared with 6.7% to 11.5% in patients on placebo) [143]. In the doses registered for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, oral BPs did not adversely affect the renal function. With intravenous zoledronic acid infusions, with infusion times of 15 min, short-term increases in serum creatinine have been observed for 9 to 11 days in a small subset of patients [144]. It seems therefore justified that patients be well hydrated and avoid simultaneous therapeutic agents at risk of impairing renal function. Patients with a glomerular filtration rate less than 30 ml/min should ideally be excluded, the precise diagnosis of bone loss in such patients being uncertain. Other kinds of bone disease than osteoporosis could be present [144].

For example, farm service programs are only available for algal biomass feedstocks that are used to produce food or feed

commodities The current farm bill, primarily through the arm of the USDA and associated agencies, funds a large number of assistance programs Pevonedistat for agriculture and aquaculture (Agricultural Act of 2014, 2014). All of the major farm price and income support programs comprising the farm Selleckchem RG-7388 safety net are available only to the “program crops” of corn, cotton, wheat, tobacco, peanuts, rice, and some new oil crops such as sunflower and oilseed. The main farm safety net programs restricted to program crops include the OSI-906 research buy Marketing Assistance Loan, Price Loss Coverage, and Agriculture Risk Coverage. Additional programs, such as the Feedstock Flexibility Program

for sugar, also instill price control while simultaneously attempting to bridge the gap with biofuel producers looking to meet RFS standards. These programs ensure that market prices for program crops never fall below a certain limit and provide direct income support or revenue assistance. Farmers of specialty crops, such as fruits and vegetables, aquaculture crops, horticulture crops, and livestock are eligible for a range of support programs outside of the safety net. These programs provide extension services, loans, crop insurance, and incentives for improving environmental quality of farms (Mercier 2011). Extension services Some of the most important RVX-208 benefits allotted to agriculture and aquaculture in the U.S. are research, teaching, and extension

services. Extension services are some of the oldest programs in U.S. agriculture, dating back to the Smith-Lever Act of 1914 that established a link between universities and the USDA (Smith-Lever Act 1914). The purpose of the programs has always been to (1) develop applications for agricultural research and (2) provide instruction on agricultural technologies to farmers. Today, the Cooperative Extension Service program of the USDA provides funding through the National Institute of Food and Agriculture to support programs that connect scientific agricultural research with local farmers. Extension services are administered through regional offices that bring expertise from land-grant universities to local levels to instruct farmers in emerging technologies that can increase productivity. Extension services are essential for disseminating information about innovative research and technologies throughout the agricultural industry. They also play an extremely important role in providing more immediate assistance to issues faced by local farmers and in developing plans that address regional problems.

Here we further illustrated that neither SSA biofilm formation nor the maturization of pellicle was impaired by the mutations. In agreement with findings on biofilm formation of Bacillus cereus [13], this observation suggests that motility not only promotes cells to move to surfaces where the pellicle forms but also facilitate planktonic cells entrance into the

pellicle. Overall, the results presented here provided the first insights into pellicle formation of S. oneidensis, making pellicle formation of S. oneidensis a simple research model for biofilm formation in general. The study highlights parallels and significant differences between this process and well-documented paradigms, raising some key questions demanding immediate investigations. These include what the major polysaccharides in S. Blebbistatin oneidensis pellicles are, why irons result in fragile pellicles in the presence of EDTA, and which proteins and

their secretion pathway(s) are directly related to pellicle formation. Methods Bacterial strains, plasmids, and culture conditions Bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study are listed in Table 1[53]. Escherichia coli and S. oneidensis strains were routinely grown in LB broth or on LB plates at 37°C and the room temperature for genetic manipulation, respectively. When needed, antibiotics were used at the following concentrations: ampicillin at 50 μg/ml and gentamycin at 15 μg/ml. Table 1 Strains and plasmids used in this study Strain or plasmid

Relevant genotype Reference or source E. coli        WM3064 Donor strain for conjugation; ΔdapA [53] S. oneidensis Batimastat cost        MR-1 Wild-type ATCC 700550    JZ3253 flgA deletion mutant derived from MR-1; Δ flgA This study    JZ4320 aggA deletion mutant derived from MR-1; ΔaggA This study Plasmid        pDS3.0 Apr, Gmr, derivative from suicide vector pCVD442 Lab stock    pBBR1MCS-5 Gmr vector used for complementation Lab Stock    pDS-AGGA aggA deletion construct in pDS3.0 This study    pDS-FLGA flgA deletion construct in pDS3.0 This study    pBBR-AGGA pBBR1MCS-5 containing aggA of S. oneidensis This study    pBBR-FLGA pBBR1MCS-5 containing flgA of S. oneidensis Aspartate This study Pellicle formation, measurement of growth, and quantification of pellicles A fresh colony grown overnight on a LB plate was used to inoculate 50 ml LB and incubated in a shaker (200 rpm) to an OD600 of 0.8 at the room temperature. This culture was then diluted 500-fold with fresh LB, click here resulting in the starting cultures. Throughout the study, all starting cultures of S. oneidensis strains were prepared this way. Aliquots of 30 ml starting cultures were transferred to 50 ml Pyrex beakers. The beakers were kept still for pellicle formation at the room temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) of the cultures was recorded every hour with an Accumet XL40 meter (Fisher Scientific). M1 defined medium containing 0.