The efficacy of PLD has been clearly documented in recurrent ovarian cancer giving the rationale for its use also in the first-line setting. The MITO-2 (Multicenter Italian Trials in Ovarian cancer) phase III was designed

to compare the combinations of carboplatin plus paclitaxel to an experimental arm with carboplatin plus PLD in first-line AZD5363 mw treatment of ovarian cancer patients. Results have been presented at ASCO 2010 showing that carboplatin plus PLD is not superior to carboplatin plus paclitaxel in terms of PFS; the median PFS was 19 and 16.8 months www.selleckchem.com/products/mi-503.html in the former and the latter arms, respectively. However, given the observed confidence interval and the different toxicity profile it has been proposed that carboplatin plus

PLD could be considered an alternative to standard therapy [16]. Several randomized trials have been performed in platinum-sensitive patients. A multicenter phase III study, recently published, the Calypso study [12], has compared efficacy and safety of PLD-carboplatin and carboplatin-paclitaxel in 976 relapsed platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer patients. The trial showed superiority of the experimental arm in terms of PFS (11.3 months versus 9.4; HR = 0.821, Nutlin-3 mouse 95% CI 0.72-0.94; P = 0.005). The safety profile of PLD-carboplatin appears remarkably different from that of carboplatin plus paclitaxel. The PLD-carboplatin combination was associated with a higher incidence of anemia and thrombocytopenia (rarely requiring transfusions) and a higher incidence of stomatitis and cutaneous toxicity (that were rarely severe, 14% of G1-2). Notably,

however, the PLD-carboplatin combination was associated with a very low incidence of hair loss and neurotoxicity compared between the 2 arms was found in terms of response rate [16]. One interesting observation of this trial was in PLD-carboplatin arm compared to carboplatin-paclitaxel there was the reduction in the rate of hypersensitive reaction (grade > 2: 5.6% versus 18.8%) Therapeutic MTMR9 Strategies in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer and this is important information since hypersensitive reactions are reported in the general practice in patients treated with carboplatin up to 25%. Treatment of clear cell type of EOC Although clear cell type is categorized in Type I (indolent) ovarian cancer, it is known to show relatively strong resistance to carboplatin and paclitaxel regimen and thus poor prognosis compared to serous adenocarcinoma (SAC), especially in advanced stages. Previously Sugiyama et al.

[48]. At 4 weeks, 5 ml of filtrate was added to the culture system. Streptomyces sp. AcH 505, originally isolated from the soil around Norway spruce mycorrhizas in Haigerloch, Germany [18], was maintained

on ISP2 agar medium [49]. For AcH 505 treatment, the culture system was inoculated with 2.5 × 107 bacterial spores at 3 and 7 weeks. The material was grown for eight weeks after which bulk soil were harvested from microcosms without plants and bulk as well as rhizosphere samples from microcosms with plants. Rhizosphere samples were taken by harvesting the soil attached to the root. Samples were submerged in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C. The experimental design required the analysis of 72 samples in total: 3 (+ oak (rhizosphere/bulk soil)/- oak) × 2 (+/− P. croceum) × 2 (+/− AcH 505) × 2 (+/− soil filtrate) × 3 biological replicates. DNA extraction Total DNA was extracted from soil and rhizosphere Repotrectinib samples using the PowerSoil DNA Isolation Kit (Mo Bio) according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. The quantity and quality of the DNA were estimated using a Nanodrop CBL0137 cost spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific) and agarose gel electrophoresis. For AcH 505 and P. croceum pure culture DNA, biological material harvested from liquid culture was SIS3 cost immediately

frozen in liquid nitrogen (N) and homogenised. DNA extraction was then carried out with the PowerSoil DNA Isolation Kit (Mo Bio) for AcH 505 using a protocol based on those described by P. Spanu (Imperial College, London) and Fulton et al. [50] (detailed protocol acquired from A. Kohler Venetoclax price and F. Martin (INRA Nancy) at “http://​1000.​fungalgenomes.​org/​home/​wp-content/​uploads/​2012/​03/​Martin_​genomicDNAextrac​tion_​AK051010.​pdf”) for P. croceum. Primer design and validation for qRT-PCR Primers for the quantification of AcH 505 and P. croceum were designed using the Primer3 software package [51]http://​frodo.​wi.​mit.​edu/​primer3/​. The designed primer pairs were required to have: a melting temperature of 55–65°C, a GC content of 58 to 63%, primer

lengths of 18–22 bp, and amplified product lengths of 70–150 bp. The AcH 505 primers were designed based on genome sequence data (T. Wu., F. B., L. F., M. T. T., unpublished). The ITS region of P. croceum (NCBI, JX174048), as well as genomic data for P. croceum (Fungal Genomics program, DOE Joint Genome Institute), were used as templates for fungal primer design. The amplicon sizes and sequences for the primers used in this work are listed in Table 1. The identities of the amplified products were verified by Sanger-sequencing. Table 1 Sequence, expected amplicon sizes, and annealing temperature for the AcH 505 and P. croceum primers Target Amplicon size (bp) Primer sequence (5′ → 3′) Annealing temp. (°C) AcH 505, intergenic region between gyrA/gyrB genes 107 AcH107-f (GGCAAGCAGAACGGTAAGCGG) 55 AcH107-r (TGGTCGGTGTCCATCGTGGT) P. croceum, ITS 121 ITSP1-f (GGATTTGGAGCGTGCTGGCGT) 55 ITSP1-r (TTGTGAGCGGGCTTTTCGGACC) P.

PubMedCrossRef 38. Camilli A, Mekalanos JJ: Use of recombinase gene fusions to identify Vibrio cholerae genes induced during infection. Mol Microbiol 1995, 18:671–683.PubMedCrossRef 39. Osorio CG, Camilli A: Hidden Dimensions of Vibrio cholerae Pathogenesis. ASM News 2003, 69:396–401. 40. Silby MW, Nicoll JS, Levy SB: Regulation of Polyphosphate Kinase Production by Antisense RNA in Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf0–1. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012, 78:4533–4537.PubMedCrossRef 41. Schauer K, Rodionov DA, de Reuse H: New substrates for TonB-dependent transport: do we only see the tip of the iceberg? Trends Biochem Sci 2008, 33:330–338.PubMedCrossRef 42. Marco ML, Legac

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The scale contains 11 dichotomous items, representing short-term effects of a day of work. All items were recoded in such a way that higher scores indicate ‘more complaints’, i.e. a higher need for recovery. The recoded scores are presented HMPL-504 manufacturer in a range from 0 to 100. The Cronbach’s alpha of the scale is 0.78 (Jansen et al.

2002). Examples of items in the scale are ‘I find it hard to relax at the end of a working day’ and ‘Because of my job, at the end of the working day, I feel rather exhausted’ (Van Veldhoven and Broersen 2003). In the present study, the upper quartile was used to define a contrast between employees with a high versus low-medium need for recovery, which corresponds with a cut-off point of 6 on the 11-item scale as recommended by Broersen et al. (Broersen buy PLX3397 et al. 2004). The level of need for recovery was determined in each questionnaire (T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6). Demographic and health factors Employees provided information on gender, age, educational level and the presence of a long-term illness through self-report in the questionnaires. Employees were divided into five age groups, that is, 18–25, 26–35, 36–45, 46–55 and 56–65 years. Smoking

status was assessed by a single dichotomous item (“Do you smoke every day?”). Characteristics of the private situation Living situation was operationalized as living alone (yes/no). Work–family conflict was measured by one dichotomous item asking employees whether they were able to adequately combine work and family life. Work characteristics Regarding working hours, employees were amongst others asked for their working hours per week, categorized as >40, 36–40, 26–35, 16–25 and <16 h per week. Also, information on overtime was collected using an item on frequent overtime

(yes/no). A Dutch version of the Job Content Questionnaire was used to measure psychological job demands and decision latitude (Karasek 1985). Psychological job demands were assessed by the sum of five items (Chronbach’s alpha 0.69). Decision latitude (Chronbach’s alpha 0.81) was measured by the sum of two subscales: skill discretion and decision authority. The response options Molecular motor varied from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree” on a four-point scale. The total score was then divided into tertiles, resulting in low, medium and high levels of psychological job demands or decision latitude. To assess whether employees perceived their work as physically demanding, one item of the Dutch questionnaire on Work and Health (VAG; Gründemann et al. 1993) was used. Statistical analysis Because the distribution of need for recovery was skewed to the left, Poisson regression Selleckchem CAL101 analyses were conducted to test differences in mean levels of need for recovery in the cross-sectional analyses.

: Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum: a case report and review of the literature. World J Gastroenterol 2008, 14:1949–1951.PubMedCrossRef 20. Huang RY, Romano AE, Stone ME, Nathanson N: Diagnosis and treatment of a perforated duodenal diverticulum. Emerg Radiol 2007, 13:285–287.PubMedCrossRef 21. Lotveit T, Skar V, Osnes M: Juxtapapillary duodenal

diverticula. Endoscopy 1988, 20:175–178.PubMedCrossRef 22. Bergman S, Koumanis J, Stein LA, et al.: Duodenal diverticulum with retroperitoneal perforation. Can J Surg 2005, 48:332.PubMed 23. Lee HH, Hong JY, Oh SN, et al.: Laparoscopic diverticulectomy for a perforated duodenal diverticulum: a case report. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2010, 20:757–760.PubMedCrossRef 24. Metcalfe MJ, Rashid TG, Bird RR: Isolated perforation of a duodenal diverticulum following blunt abdominal trauma. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2010, 3:79–81.PubMedCrossRef 25. Gottschalk U, Becker C, Stöhr M, et al.: Duodenal diverticulum–a GANT61 order therapeutic challenge. Gastroenterol. 2010, 48:551–554.CrossRef 26. Volchok J, Massimi T, Wilkins S, et al.: Duodenal diverticulum: case report of a perforated extraluminal diverticulum Selleckchem Dibutyryl-cAMP containing ectopic pancreatic tissue. Arch Surg 2009,

144:188–190.PubMedCrossRef 27. López Zárraga F, Saenz De Ormijana J, Diez Orive M, et al.: Abdominal pain in a young woman. Eur Radiol 2009, 19:2783–2786. NovPubMedCrossRef 28. Ames JT, Federle MP, Pealer KM: Perforated duodenal diverticulum: clinical Casein kinase 1 and imaging findings in eight patients. Abdom Imaging 2009, 34:135–139. Mar-AprPubMedCrossRef 29. Guinier D, Kovacs R: Spontaneous perforation of a retroperitoneal duodenal diverticulum. J Chir (Paris) 2008, 145:287–288. May-JunCrossRef 30. Hirota S, Tsujikawa T, Kitoh K, et al.: An elderly woman with duodenal perforation

difficulty diagnose. Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 2007, 44:752–755.PubMedCrossRef 31. Andromanakos N, Filippou D, Skandalakis P, et al.: An extended retroperitoneal abscess caused by duodenal diverticulum perforation: report of a case and short review of the literature. Am Surg 2007, 73:85–88.PubMed 32. Valenzuela Martínez MJ, Bonasa E, Sánchez JM, et al.: Traumatic perforation of a duodenal diverticulum. Cir Esp 2006, 80:224–226.PubMedCrossRef 33. Safioleas M, Stamatakos MK, Mouzopoulos GJ, et al.: Pancreatic abscess due to perforation of duodenal diverticulum. Chirurgia (Bucur) 2006, 101:523–524. Sep-Oct 34. Castellví J, Pozuelo O, Vallet J, et al.: Perforated duodenal diverticulum. Cir Esp 2006, 80:174–175.PubMedCrossRef 35. Papalambros E, Felekouras E, Sigala F, et al.: Retroperitoneal perforation of a duodenal diverticulum with colonic necrosis – report of a case. Zentralbl Chir 2005, 130:270–273.PubMedCrossRef 36. Lee VT, Chung AY, Soo KC: Mucosal EPZ015938 purchase repair of posterior perforation of duodenal diverticulitis using roux loop duodenojejunostomy. Asian J Surg 2005, 28:139–141.PubMedCrossRef 37. Marhin WW, Amson BJ: Management of perforated duodenal diverticula.

It has been estimated that the accuracy of the clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis is only between 76 percent and 92 percent [9, 11]. Thus, JQ-EZ-05 mouse accurate diagnosis of acute appendicitis is still difficult [1, 12, 13]. The perforation rate is high, as well as the number of negative appendectomies [9, 14]. Following the introduction of ultrasound scans during the last

two decades and computed tomography (CT) in the last decade, the rate of negative appendectomies has decreased [4, 15–17], but the perforation rate has remained high (22%-62%) [4, 18, 19]. Negative appendectomies are one of the burdens facing not only the general surgeon but also the patient her/himself and society as a whole, since appendectomy, as any other operation, results in socio-economic impacts in the form of lost working days and declined productivity. CRP is a non-specific inflammatory marker that is used routinely in many Luminespib mouse hospitals as an aid in the diagnosis of patients with an acute abdomen [9, 10, 14]. An acute phase protein

is produced in the liver. Normal serum concentration is less than 10 mg/l 8–12 hours after infection or trauma; the increase of acute phase protein in liver the CRP is more important in clinical practice. Production of CRP is controlled by Interleukin-6 and in a few minutes increases from 10 to 1,000 times. CRP is increased in infections, inflammatory arthritis, autoimmune disorders, neoplasia, pregnancy, and aging [9, 10, 20–24]. Many Microtubule Associated inhibitor reports have investigated the value of the raised serum CRP measurement in improving the diagnosis of acute appendicitis [9, 10, 25]. Additional tests that would improve the diagnostic accuracy and reduce the number of unnecessary operations are needed. This is particularly

important these days when health planning is driven by cost containment. The C-reactive protein (CRP), together with other acute-phase proteins, increased in response to tissue injury [26]. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of C-reactive protein (CRP) values, in accuracy of diagnosis of acute appendicitis in comparison Wnt inhibitor with WBC, NP, the surgeon’s clinical diagnosis, and the histopathologic findings. Patients and methods Patients The study included randomly all operated patients (173) suspected of acute appendicitis between November 2008 and February 2009 in the Department of Surgery. Methods Clinical signs of acute appendicitis determined by the surgeon and the duration of the symptoms were documented on admission. The clinical signs included direct tenderness in the right lower quadrant, percussion and rebound tenderness, localized rigidity, and diffuse rigidity of the abdominal wall. At least one clinical sign had to be present in order to consider the patient positive for clinical signs.

To determine whether there is a maximum trabecular thickness, after which trabecular tunneling takes place, we analyzed the distribution of trabecular thickness in the epiphysis of all rats at all time points. The scanner software provides outputs of counts per bin and trabecular thickness was categorized in bins of 15 μm. Prediction of gain in bone mass after PTH treatment We hypothesized that several structural properties may predict the gain in bone mass after PTH, such as bone selleck kinase inhibitor surface at the start of PTH treatment, bone mass at the start of PTH treatment, bone mass before ovariectomy, and amount of bone mass loss after

ovariectomy. Therefore, a linear correlation was determined between several structural parameters and the gain in bone mass, gain in bone volume fraction, final bone mass, and final bone volume fraction Selumetinib purchase after PTH treatment. This was done for the PTH-treated rats only. Three-point bending of tibiae After sacrifice, all tibiae were dissected and frozen

in phosphate buffered saline solution at −20°C. They were thawed prior to three-point bending. The tibia was placed on the lateral surface on two rounded supporting bars with a distance of 2.4 cm. A preload of 1 N was applied (ZWICK, Z020) at the medial surface CP673451 mw of the diaphysis by lowering a third rounded bar. A constant displacement rate of 6 mm/min was applied until failure. Displacement was measured from the actuator displacement transducer of the testing machine. From the force–displacement

curve, the following mechanical parameters were determined: (1) ultimate load, defined as the maximum load, (2) displacement at ultimate load, which was corrected for the toe region, (3) extrinsic stiffness, calculated as the slope in the linear region between 40% and 80% of the ultimate load, and (4) energy to ultimate load, defined as the area under the curve until ultimate load. Statistics A one-way analysis Bumetanide of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures was performed to compare the PTH-treated and OVX groups during treatment between weeks 8 and 14. A one-way ANOVA with a Bonferroni post hoc test was used to determine differences between the groups at certain time points, for all parameters. Furthermore, a one-way ANOVA with repeated measures was performed to compare the OVX and SHAM groups between weeks 0 and 8. Finally, an ANOVA with repeated measures was performed in the SHAM group to determine effects of aging. All p values below 0.05 were considered significant. Results Metaphyseal structural parameters At week 8, the ovariectomized groups displayed loss of BV/TV, Conn.D, Tb.N, and Tb.Th and an increase in SMI and Tb.Sp, indicating the development of osteopenia (Fig. 2). Beyond 8 weeks, the untreated OVX group showed further deterioration of bone structure except for Tb.Th, which increased. Fig.

PLB activity was expressed as mM of substrate hydrolyzed per minute, per milligram of protein. Total protein concentrations were measured using the Protein Assay kit (Quant-iT – Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad, CA, USA). Significance tests were carried out comparing each treatment with the control value (100%) using a one-sample Student’s t-test. P < 0.05 was taken as the limit to

indicate significance. Real-time RT-PCR validation of differentially expressed genes The real-time RT-PCR system using SYBR Green detection (Applied Biosystems) was used to analyze gene expression in RNA samples. After treatment with DNase I (Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad, CA, USA) in the presence of RNase inhibitor see more (Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad, CA, USA), equal amounts of RNA (1 μg) were reverse transcribed using oligo(dT)12-18

S3I-201 cost primer and submitted to real time PCR. Amplification assays were carried out with a 7900HT Sequence Detection System ABI PRISM instrument (Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad, CA, USA) in 12 μL reactions containing 0.4 μM of each primer (listed in Tables 2 and 3), 6 μL of SYBR Green PCR Master mix (2 ×), and 0.2 μL of template cDNA. After initial denaturation at 95°C for 10 min, amplifications were performed for 40 cycles of: 95°C for 15 s followed by 60°C for 1 min. Table 2 Primers Paracoccidioides brasiliensis used for real time RT-PCR Cluster IDa Geneb Forward primer (5′-3′) Reverse primer (5′-3′) 50 sod3 CTGTTCGCTGGGCTTTGC TCAGTAGTGACGGCTTCCATCAT 1688 icl1 GCTCACCCAGATGGTCAAAT AGTATCCGCATCCGCAATAA 3306 plb1 GCAATGCAAGGGAAGAAAGA CGATCCGAGGAACTCTAACG a ID: identification. b Abbreviations: sod3 (Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase); icl1 (isocitrate lyase); plb1 (phospholipase B). Table 3 Primers for real time RT-PCR to measure gene expression using RNA from alveolar macrophage (MH-S) cells Cluster IDa Geneb Forward primer

(5′-3′) Reverse primer (5′-3′) 272294 Rps9 CGCCAGAAGCTGGGTTTGT CGAGACGCGACTTCTCGAA 21961 nkrf ACCTTTCAACCTACGATGGTCAGA GAGCTCTCACATGGAATTTGGAA 575033 nfkb AGCCAGCTTCCGTGTTTGTT AGGGTTTCGGTTCACTAGTTTCC 104798 tnf -α GTACCTTGTCTACTCCCAGGTTCTCT GTGGGTGAGGAGCACGTAGTC 574821 clec2 CTCTTCTTGGTGGCGTGTGA AACAACCAGCCCCATGGA 3989461 il-1β GTGTGTGACGTTCCCATTAGACA CAGCACGAGGCTTTTTTGTTG 1346060 trl2 AAGAGGAAGCCCAAGAAAGC CGATGGAATCGATGATGTTG 5120996 cd14 CGCAGCCTGGAATACCTTCTA CCGCTTTAAGGACAGAGACTTGATA a ID: identification. b Abbreviations: Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor Rps9 (constitutive ribosomal macrophage gene); nkrf (GSK2245840 supplier NFKappaB repressing factor); nfkb (P50 subunit of NFKappaB); tnf-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha); clec2 (C- type lectin like receptor); il-1β (Interleukin-1β); trl2 (toll-like receptor 2); cd14 (glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein). The comparative crossing threshold (CT) method, employing the constitutive ribosomal Rps9 macrophage gene or P. brasiliensis α-tubulin gene, was used in order to normalize the expression value of each gene of interest in the macrophage infected sample compared with the non-infected control.

Profiles of the third cluster were most related (average within group similarity 84%) and contained DGGE profiles from all fecal samples. Figure 5 Representative DGGE profiles generated from PCR-amplified 16S-rRNA in fecal deposits from the control group of cattle. DNA from replicate fecal deposits (N = 3) were pooled for analysis. The time points were days (d) 7, 28, 56, 98, 112, and 175. M, marker used to normalize gels consisted of pooled DNA from all treatments on days 7 and 175. Figure 6 Similarity of DGGE profiles generated from PCR-amplified 16S-rRNA in cattle fecal deposits under field conditions. DNA from replicate fecal deposits (N = 3) were pooled for analysis.

The time points were days (d) 7, 28, 56, 98, 112, and 175. The treatments were: Control, no antimicrobial agents added to the diets of steers from which fecal deposits originated; A44, chlortetracycline (44 PF-6463922 ppm); AS700, chlortetracycline and sulfamethazine (each at 44

ppm); T11, tylosin (11 ppm). Correlations between gene copy concentrations Numerous correlations between the analyzed genes were significant (P < 0.05, Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4). Several were seen across all treatments and included the positive associations between erm (T) and tet (M) (r = 0.69 to 0.87), sul1 and sul2 (r = 0.80 to 0.95), and tet (M) and tet (W) (r = 0.56 to 0.79). From all treatments, the determinants tet (B), tet (C), and tet selleck chemical (L) were not associated. Other than the correlation between sul1 and sul2, the strongest correlations observed were Nintedanib (BIBF 1120) between genes erm (B), erm (T), and erm

(X) (r = 0.85 to 0.94) and the genes tet (W) and erm (T) (r = 0.92) within the T11 treatment. Table 1 Pearson correlation coefficient between antimicrobial resistance or 16S-rRN A genes in fecal deposits from cattle fed no (control) subtherapeutic antimicrobial agentsa.   tet (C) tet (L) tet (M) tet (W) sul1 sul2 erm (A) erm (B) erm (F) erm (T) erm (X) 16S-rRNA tet (B) 0.29 0.08 0.22 -0.10 0.40* 0.47* 0.34 0.26 0.30 0.24 0.45* 0.41* tet (C)   0.13 0.44* 0.03 0.12 0.29 0.17 0.44* 0.04 0.52* 0.43* 0.23 tet (L)     0.49* 0.62* 0.05 -0.06 0.46* 0.65* 0.34 0.24 0.31 0.29 tet (M)       0.56* 0.39* 0.36* 0.70* 0.66* 0.52* 0.74* 0.64* 0.76* tet (W)         -0.32 -0.42* 0.18 0.37* 0.53* 0.37* 0.11 0.31 sul1           0.92* 0.78* 0.36* 0.20 0.36* 0.61* 0.64* sul2             0.71* 0.41* 0.20 0.45* 0.72* 0.59* erm (A)               0.72* 0.46* 0.63* 0.78* 0.74* erm (B)                 0.39* 0.67* 0.77* 0.50* erm (F)                   0.54* 0.32 0.70* erm (T)                     0.70* 0.66* erm (X)                       0.59* a. Analysis was performed across time points, described in the Materials and Methods. Values were log-transformed GSK2118436 manufacturer before correlations analysis. *, P ≤ 0.05.

The crystalline peaks are well indexed to body-centered cubic (bcc) In2O3 (JCPDS 76-0152). The absence of the In crystalline peak infers the complete oxidation of the In wire in N2O plasma. Thus, highly crystalline structures of In2O3 with a tendency to form a (222) crystal

plane were obtained. The thermal ABT-263 supplier radiation treatment improved the crystallinity of the In2O3 structure. The appearance of a more In2O3-related crystalline peak in the XRD pattern indicates a polycrystalline structure, forming the nanostructured In2O3 films. Crystalline sizes calculated from the In2O3(222) crystalline peak using the Scherrer formula [20] are 33.8 ± 0.1 nm for the In2O3 NPs and 43.2 ± 0.1 nm for the nanostructured In2O3 films. The size of the crystalline In2O3 NP is close to the measurement selleck chemicals llc taken by FESEM (approximately 40 ± 9 nm), which evidently indicates a single-crystalline structure of the In2O3 NPs. The size of the crystalline nanostructured In2O3 film is relatively small compared to the size of the nanostructures (60 to 300 nm). Therefore, the nanostructured In2O3 film apparently consists of polycrystalline structures with an average crystal size of about 43 nm. Figure 2 XRD patterns and Raman spectra. (a) XRD patterns and (b) Raman spectra of In2O3 NPs and nanostructured In2O3 films. The structural properties of the In2O3 NPs and nanostructured In2O3 films were BIRB 796 nmr further confirmed by

Raman spectra. Consistent with XRD analysis, the Raman spectra also provided evidence of the bcc In2O3. The observed seven Raman peaks located at 130, 248, 303, 362, 493, 594, and 626 cm−1 are assigned to the phonon vibration modes of the bcc In2O3[21]. The Raman peak of 248 cm−1 which was only detected by the highly oriented In2O3 nanostructure was presumably highly dependent on the orientation of the NPs [22]. Thus, it is usually insignificant in the Raman spectrum of randomly distributed In2O3 NPs [23]. In addition, PL spectra of the untreated In2O3 NPs and treated nanostructured In2O3 films are presented

in Additional file 1: Figure S3 to provide a qualitative study on the structure defect of the In2O3 nanostructures. A broad orange-reddish emission centered at about 610 and about unless 660 nm was observed in all samples. This emission is normally attributed to the defect emission due to oxygen deficiencies [24] or the intrinsic defects related to oxygen [25]. The suppression of defect-related emission of In2O3 is correlated to the reconstruction of defect structures and improvement in crystallinity of In2O3 structures [26] by thermal radiation treatment. HRTEM analysis of the nanostructured In2O3 films is presented in Figure 3. The TEM micrograph of the nanostructured In2O3 after thermal radiation treatment (Figure 3a) shows the agglomeration of the In2O3 NPs to form compact structures. The bundles of In2O3 formed by stacked In2O3 nano/microcrystallites can be clearly observed in the figure.