Materials and methods: Radioresistence of nu61 and SCC61 in vitro was measured by clonogenic assay. Apoptotic response of nu61 and SCC61 cells to genotoxic stress was examined using caspase-based apoptotic assays. Co-cultivation of carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl this website ester (CFDE-SE)-labeled

nu61 with un-labeled SCC61 was performed at 1:1 ratio. Production of interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and soluble receptor of interleukin 6 (IL6, IL8 and sIL6R) was measured using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).

Results: Radioresistant nu61 was also resistant to interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) and the death ligands of tumour necrosis factor alpha receptor (TNFR) family when

compared to SCC61. This combined resistance is due to an impaired apoptotic response in nu61. Relative to SCC61, nu61 produced more IL6, IL8 and sIL6R. Using Stat1 knock-downs we demonstrated that IL6 and IL8 production is Stat1-dependent. Treatment with neutralising antibodies to IL6 and IL8, but not to either cytokine alone sensitised nu61 to genotoxic stress induced apoptosis.

Conclusion: Nu61, which over-expresses Stat1 pathway, is deficient in apoptotic response to ionising radiation and cytotoxic ligands. This resistance to apoptosis is associated with Stat1-dependent production of IL6 and IL8 and suppression of 8, 9 and 3.”
“Objective: The aims of the present study were as follows: (i) to clarify the proportion of women PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor 3 who experience psychological distress

during breast cancer diagnosis and (ii) to identify the predictors of psychological distress related to the diagnostic process.

Methods: This was a longitudinal prospective study of women who required further breast examination. Questionnaires were administered at pre-medical consultations (Time 1), after describing radiological examination (Time 2), and after explaining pathological findings (Time 3). All participants completed Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast, and Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual subscale at Time 1 to identify predictors. Participants also completed 5-Fluoracil cell line HADS at Times 2 and 3 to identify the presence or absence of psychological distress.

Results: Of the 222 eligible patients, at Time 2, 31 (22.6%) participants with no clinical abnormalities and 39 (45.9%) participants with abnormal findings had HADS scores of >= 11 points (chi(2) test, 13.14; p < 0.001). At Time 3, 14 (28.0%) participants with benign breast changes and 24 (68.6%) participants with breast cancer had scores of >= 11 (chi(2) test, 13.71; p < 0.001). Higher HADS scores at Time 1 were associated with the presence of psychological distress at all stages of breast cancer diagnosis.

005] per minute t(1/2)). Selleck BMS-777607 Gastroparesis is common in lung-transplant recipients and associated with the development of BOS.”
“We describe

a case of fatal acute disseminated breakthrough toxoplasmosis in a 19-year-old adolescent after haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia despite continued atovaquone prophylaxis. Diagnosis was at necropsy, and confirmed by postmortem polymerase chain reaction analysis in plasma. This report illustrates the need for protozoal monitoring despite atovaquone prophylaxis, in severely immunocompromised patients with intolerance to standard treatment.”
“We have theoretically investigated the electronic subband structures and thermoelectric transport properties of Bi nanotubes. The calculated semimetal to semiconductor selleck screening library transition in Bi nanotubes is in

good agreement with experiment results. The expressions for Seebeck coefficient and the optimized carrier concentration are first derived, and have been used to explain the calculated and experimental results. The effects of thickness, diameter, and growth direction of Bi nanotubes and carrier concentration on the thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) are discussed. It was found that the Bi nanotube oriented along the trigonal direction has the highest ZT, and the optimized carrier concentration is found to be in a range from 10(18) cm(-3) to 4.0 x 10(18) cm(-3). The predicted enhancement in ZT is important for the anticipated applications of Bi nanotubes for thermoelectric devices. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3593193]“
“Introduction: The

impact of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) has not yet been investigated.

Methods: Among 253 LDLT patients, RRT was started before (RRT-Pre, n = 9), or after (RRT-Post, n = 27) LDLT. The clinical outcomes were reviewed.

Results: The one-yr graft survival rate was 94.1% without RRT, and 63.9% and in those with RRT (p < 0.0001). Among the RRT patients, SBI-0206965 mw the RRT-Pre patients exhibited acute liver failure, hepatorenal syndrome and high model for end-stage liver disease score (35 +/- 12), whereas the RRT-Post patients had sepsis as a comorbidity. The one-yr graft survival rate was 100.0% in the RRT-Pre patients vs. 51.9% in the RRT-Post patients (p < 0.01). The duration of RRT was significantly shorter in the RRT-Pre patients than that in the RRT-Post patients (5.3 +/- 2.1 vs. 17.8 +/- 14.1 d, p = 0.02). The mean duration between starting RRT and LDLT was 2.1 +/- 0.7 d in the Pre-RRT patients.

Conclusion: The RRT-Pre patients had excellent outcomes because the severe condition was primarily treated by LDLT after short-term pre-transplant RRT. Post-transplant uncontrollable sepsis was the major cause of graft loss in patients who receive RRT after LDLT.”
“We perform a first-principles calculation to investigate the effect of a vacancy on the sliding of an iron (Fe) Sigma 5 (310) [001] tilt grain boundary (GB).

(c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“BackgroundDecisions about adjuvant chemotherapy in older women with early stage breast cancer (EBC) are often challenging. Uncertainty about benefits due to limited data about treatment efficacy and outcomes complicates decision making. This qualitative study explored older patients’ experiences and preferences towards information giving and ultimate decisions about adjuvant chemotherapy.

MethodsClinicians

from 24 UK breast cancer teams reported on adjuvant chemotherapy decisions for women aged 70years with EBC from April 2010 to December 2011. Women who were offered chemotherapy were invited to participate in structured interviews. Self-reported quality of life (QoL) and functional ability were assessed. Qualitative methods were used to identify themes associated with information giving and decision making.

ResultsA total of 58/95 eligible women (61%) participated. Median age GW4869 datasheet was 73years (range 70-83). Mean total scores for QoL and functional ability were average. The majority of women preferred to make their treatment decisions collaboratively with a clinician (59%) or on their own (19%). The main reasons influencing decisions to accept chemotherapy were categorised as prevention of recurrence and clinician recommendation. Side effects, length of treatment, impact on QoL, low survival Pitavastatin molecular weight benefits and clinician

recommendation influenced decisions to decline chemotherapy. The majority (80%) were satisfied with information provision,

the communication with their clinician and explanation of treatment.

ConclusionsOlder women with EBC preferred to be involved in clinical decision making. Clinician recommendation plays a significant selleck products role in either accepting or declining chemotherapy. Well-informed decision making and effective communication between clinicians, older women and their family members are therefore important. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“Immobilizing thiourea onto chitosan allowed using the polymer for the recovery of platinum groups metals (PGMs) in acidic solutions (up to 1-2M HCl concentrations). At low HCl concentration protonated amine groups may sorb chloroanionic metal species (electrostatic attraction mechanism); however, most of sorption proceeds through chelation on sulfur containing groups (less sensitive to acidic conditions). The bi-site Langmuir equation was used for fitting sorption isotherms. The sorption of PGMs was weakly affected by the composition of the solution (presence of high concentration of anions and base metals). Maximum sorption capacities for Pd(II) and Pt(IV) ranged between 274 and 330 mg g(-1) in 0.25M HCl solutions and decreased to 150-198 mg g(-1) in 2M HCl solutions: Pd(II) sorption was systematically higher than Pt(IV) sorption. The pseudo-second rate equation was used for modeling the uptake kinetics. Agitation speed hardly affected uptake kinetics indicating that external diffusion resistance is not the rate controlling step.

(C) 2011 American Institute PHA-739358 cell line of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3611396]“
“Purpose: To determine whether any abnormality in serum bone markers is related to bisphosphonate-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw.

Materials and Methods: we obtained serum bone markers and other relevant endocrine assays on 7 patients with osteonecrosis of the jaws (ONJ). The assays were C-telopeptide, N-telopeptide, bone specific alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, intact parathyroid hormone, T3,

T4, TSH, and vitamin D 25 hydroxy. Diagnostic criteria for ONJ were those formulated by the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.

Results: Five of our patients were women. Two had metastatic breast cancer and had been treated with zoledronic acid; I had also received pamidronate. Three others had osteoporosis and had been treated with daily alendronate. One man had metastatic prostate AZD1208 cancer treated with zoledronic acid. Another man had Gaucher’s disease treated with zoledronic acid. All patients had been withdrawn from bisphosphonate for at least 6 months. None was taking or had taken corticosteroids. None of the lesions had shown any significant healing and all were still causing the patients considerable distress, yet the bone markers were

within the normal range as measured in our laboratory, except for intact parathyroid hormone, which was slightly elevated in I case of metastatic breast cancer (177 pg/mL).

Conclusions: We hypothesize that matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) is a candidate gene for bisphosphonate-induced ONJ for 3 reasons: 1) MMP2 is associated with bone abnormalities which could be related to ONJ. 2) Bisphosphonates are associated with atrial fibrillation, and MMP2 is the only gene known to be associated with both bone abnormalities and atrial fibrillation. 3) A network of disorders and disease genes linked by known disorder-gene

associations indicates that cardiovascular disease and bone disease are closely LY294002 ic50 related, suggesting that a single drug such as bisphosphonate, acting on a single gene, MMP2, could have both bone and cardiovascular side effects different from the osteoclast inhibition that is characteristic of bisphosphonate. (c) 2009 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons”
“Background and Aims: To assess the influence of body composition changes on circulating serum visfatin after following 12 weeks of energy restricted diet intervention. We also examined the possible role of visfatin in glucose metabolism and in obesity-associated low-grade inflammation.

Methods and Results: A total of 78 obese (BMI 34.0 +/- 2.8 kg/m(2)) women aged 36.7 +/- 7 y volunteered to participate in the study. We measured by DXA body fat mass (FM) and lean mass (LM).

The results showed simvastatin and lovastatin reduced metabolism of asipirin due to their inhibition

effect on aspirin esterase activity. But administration of pravastatin, fluvastatin and atorvastatin did not show statistically significant effect on aspirin esterase activity.”
“Study Design. Case report.

Objective. To discuss the development of delayed myelopathy due to the progression of ossification p53 inhibitor of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) after cervical laminoplasty.

Summary of Background Data. The progression of OPLL after cervical laminoplasty for the treatment of OPLL is often shown in long-term follow-up; however, few patients with reoperation due to OPLL progression have been reported.

Methods. The patient was a 70-year-old male carpenter. At 57-years of age, he underwent open door laminoplasty between C3 and C7 with dome-like laminectomy of C2 for the treatment of myelopathy due to mixed-type OPLL (continuous type at C3-C4 and segmental type at C5). Five years after the initial surgery, the disorder of skilled motor activity in the bilateral hands and ambulatory difficulties recurred as a result of cranial progression of OPLL (between C2 and C4). He underwent laminectomy and posterior fusion between C2 and C5 and returned to work. Four years after resurgery,

the same symptoms recurred.

Results. CT revealed the progression of OPLL thickness at C5 level and longitudinal progression of OPLL to C6/7. Sagittal view of GSK2126458 concentration MRI demonstrated spinal cord compression between C5 and C6/7 because of OPLL at C5 and hypertrophic ligamentum flavum at C5-C6 and C6-C7. Posterior fusion extending up to C7 with laminectomy of C6 and C7 was performed. His symptoms were alleviated and he could walk again.

Conclusion. We reported a patient with OPLL who had undergone resurgery twice because of myelopathy

due to the progression of ossification. It was important to establish a sufficiently longitudinal and transverse decompression, taking the risk of the unexpected progression of ossification into consideration.”
“Although most patients on dialysis are in the USA, Europe, and Japan, the highest rate DMH1 mw of growth is expected to take place in the countries of Asia, Middle East, Latin America, and Africa (1). In Latin America, between the years 1992 and 2004 the prevalence of patients on renal replacement therapy (RRT) rose from 129 to 447 patients per million population (pmp) (2). Peritoneal dialysis (PD), like RRT in general, has spread widely around the world and its prevalence varies according to the different regions and countries (3-5). Some of the recent publications reporting its use in Latin American countries are listed in Table 1 (6-13).

Argentina is a country in southern South America with a territory of 2791810 km(2) (Figure 1). In 2007, its estimated population was 39356000 and its average population density was 14.

The paper presents the characteristics of circulating tumor cell isolation methods and the results of studies concerning CTCs isolation in patients with prostate, bladder and kidney cancer.”
“In the field of environment protection, a series of European Directives with special emphasis on the water bodies has been approved as a cascade after

the milestone Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the year 2000.

The most recent piece of legislation, Directive click here 2009/90/EC, points out the necessity of ensuring the quality of the analytical data and prescribes that the laboratories appointed by the Member States as responsible for the chemical water monitoring shall “”demonstrate their competences … by … analysis of available reference materials …”".

Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) are the anchor points for comparability of measurement results, in both space and time, ensuring their traceability to a common reference.

In this article, we present a critical overview of existing matrix CRMs, related to WED monitoring needs. Our survey concerns available water, biota and sediment matrix CRMs for the 33 Priority Substances (PSs) (and the eight “”other certain pollutants”") listed in the WFD, together with a reference to discontinued CRMs. VE-822 research buy Tables providing a more synoptic view are available on-line as supplementary information.

For the four priority metals (Cd, Pb, Hg

and Ni), there are sufficient CRMs for all matrices considered to cover the needs of the monitoring laboratories, but there is a serious lack of matrix CRMs for most of the organic PSs. Also, for the matrix water, there are no materials available for organic pollutants that could be classified as CRMs Quisinostat in vitro as commonly understood.

We also briefly discuss pure compounds and solution CRMs for

calibration purposes.

In the final section, we show how a CRM could be used in the estimation of measurement uncertainty for checking compliance at the Environmental Quality Standard level, according to the technical specifications given in Directive 2009/90/EC. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Amyloid is an abnormal extracellular fibrillar protein deposit in the tissues. In humans, more than 25 different proteins can adopt a fibrillar conformation in vivo that results in the pathognomonic tinctorial property of amyloid (that is, green birefringence when an affected tissue specimen is stained with Congo red dye and viewed by microscopy under cross-polarized light). Amyloid deposition is associated with disturbance of organ function and causes a wide variety of clinical syndromes that are classified according to the respective fibril protein precursor. Systemic amyloidosis, in which amyloid deposits are widespread and typically accumulate gradually, continues to be fatal and is responsible for about one in 1,500 deaths per year in the UK.

Results. The mean detection and pain thresholds showed a significant increase resulting from the

relaxing DSB, whereas no significant changes Temsirolimus concentration of these thresholds were found associated with the attentive DSB. The mean skin conductance levels indicating sympathetic activity decreased significantly during the relaxing DSB intervention but not during the attentive DSB. Both breathing interventions showed similar reductions in negative feelings ( tension, anger, and depression).

Conclusion. Our results suggest that the way of breathing decisively influences autonomic and pain processing, thereby identifying DSB in concert with relaxation as the essential feature in the modulation of sympathetic arousal and pain perception.”
“Phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Ligularia thomsonii has led to the isolation of three new phenylpropanoid glucosides ligularoside I (1), ligularoside II (2) and ligularoside III (3) along with nine known compounds; cinnamic acid (4), 3-phenylpropanoic acid (5), 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (6), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (7), p-coumaric acid (8), caffeic acid (9), 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (10), kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (11) and 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (12), hitherto unreported from L. thomsonii. Their chemical structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and chemical transformation.

All these compounds were tested for antioxidant activity using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. Among them, compounds 9, 10 CDK inhibitor and 12 showed significant antioxidant activity against DPPH radicals with IC50 of 19.6, 23.3 and 8.9 mu m,

respectively. (C) 2013 Phytochemical Society of Europe. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore patients and health professional’s perceptions of follow-up service provision following treatment for ovarian cancer. In the United Kingdom, where this study took place, ovarian cancer is the most common gynaecological cancer in women. The causes are unknown, symptoms are often vague and most cases are diagnosed at an advanced AZD1208 stage. There is a high likelihood of disease progression and little evidence on the benefits of routine follow-up after treatment for gynaecological cancer.

Method: Two focus groups were conducted with patients (n = 6) and health professionals (n = 7) at a hospital in North-West England.

Results: From the patient group, three main themes emerged: reassurance, the need for support and information, and alternative approaches to follow-up care. Three main themes emerged from the health professional group: patient attendance at outpatient clinics to monitor for disease progression; the need to modernise the current system: and patients should be encouraged to self-manage their disease.

Conclusions: There were similarities and differences in perceptions of follow-up care procedures between the two focus groups.

Materials and Methods:

This study was approved by the institutional review board; informed consent was obtained. One hundred thirty-nine patients referred for ECG-assisted dual-source CT angiography of the thoracic aorta were prospectively enrolled. Inclusion criteria were stable sinus rhythm and heart rate of 80 beats

per minute or less. Tube voltage was adjusted to body mass index (<25.0 kg/m(2), 100 kV, n=58; >= 25.0 kg/m(2), 120 kV, n=81). In both cohorts, patients were randomly assigned to prospective or retrospective ECG-assisted data acquisition. In both groups, tube current (250 mAs per rotation) was centered at 70% of the R-R cycle. Stattic chemical structure The presence of motion or stair-step artifacts of the thoracic aorta was independently

assessed by two readers. Effective radiation selleck kinase inhibitor dose was calculated from the dose-length product.

Results:

Subjective scoring of motion and stair-step artifacts was equivalent for both techniques. Scan length was not significantly different (23.8 cm +/- 2.4 [standard deviation] vs 23.7 cm +/- 2.5 for prospective and retrospective ECG-triggered CT angiography, respectively; P = .54). Scanning time was significantly longer for prospective ECG-triggered CT angiography (18.8 seconds +/- 3.4 vs 16.4 seconds +/- 3.3, P < .001). Mean estimated effective dose was significantly lower for prospective data

see more acquisition (100 kV, 1.9 mSv +/- 0.5 vs 4.1 mSv +/- 0.7, P < .001; 120 kV, 5.3 mSv +/- 1.1 vs 9.5 mSv +/- 3.0, P < .001).

Conclusion:

Prospective ECG-gated sequential dual-source CT angiography of the thoracic aorta is feasible, despite the slightly longer acquisition time. Thus, motion-free imaging of the thoracic aorta is possible at significantly lower radiation exposure than retrospective ECG-gated helical dual-source CT angiography in certain patients with a regular heart rate. (C) RSNA, 2010″
“Cathodoluminescence (CL) characteristics and electron-beam induced surface chemical changes in nanocrystalline Tb3+ doped LiAl5O8 powder phosphors are presented. Bluish-white CL with a maximum at similar to 543 nm was observed when the powders were irradiated with a 2 keV electron beam. The emissions in the green and the blue regions arise from the magnetic dipole D-5(4)-F-7(J) (J = 6-0) and D-5(3)-F-7(J) transitions of the Tb3+ ion. The appearance of the line emissions in the blue region are discussed in terms of Tb oxidation states and their corresponding interconversion. Auger electron spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to probe the chemical changes on the surface of the LiAl5O8 phosphor under electron bombardment.

Whereas the nephroscope time (minutes) was longer in the ABS group (Group 1 [G1]:3, 331, 72 vs G2:2, 62 +/- 1, 43, P=0.035),

hemoglobin (Hb) decrease, and urine clarity time were statistically lower compared with the control group. Hb decrease was (mg/dL) (G1: 1.40 +/- 1.04 vs G2: 1.84 +/- 1.15, P=0.034), and urine clarity time was (hour) (G1: 9.60 +/- 5.50 vs G2: 11.95 +/- 4.71, P=0.012), respectively. Complications were encountered in three (6.6%) patients of the ABS group and in four (8.8%) of the control group. Conclusion: ABS is an efficient and reliable hemostatic agent in tubeless PCNL. Comparative studies are needed, however, with other hemostatic agents that might be applied in tubeless PCNL.”
“Objective: The objective https://www.selleckchem.com/products/LBH-589.html of this study was to assess pesticide exposures in children being treated for head lice with either lindane or permethrin (exposed group) and children who did not have a lice infestation and thus were not being treated with chemicals for head lice or scabies (unexposed group).

Methods: In 2001, we enrolled 78 children aged 6-10 years old and collected baseline urine samples and demographic information

from all the children. We subsequently collected JQEZ5 cell line post-exposure urine samples and questionnaire information about lice treatment from the 29 (37%) children (exposed children) who had been diagnosed and were being treated for head lice. Metabolites of the pesticides lindane and permethrin were measured in the samples.

Results: The mean age of

exposed and unexposed children this website in the study population was 9.3 years and 8.5 years, respectively. Fourteen of the 29 exposed children used prescription lice treatments (i.e., lindane or malathion); 25 of the 29 exposed children used at least one over-the-counte permethrin treatment, either alone or in addition to prescription treatments. Exposed children in both counties had higher urinary pyrethroid metabolite levels in their post-exposure samples compared with their baseline samples. However this difference was only significant in Forsyth County children.

Conclusions: The significantly increased post-exposure pyrethroid metabolite levels in the urine of Forsyth County children suggest that the children are exposed to pyrethroid insecticides through the use of lice shampoos. Published by Elsevier Ltd.”
“Purpose of review

We review latest developments in knowledge of established and emerging tick-borne infections in the United States other than Lyme borreliosis, emphasizing a clinical and geographic approach to diagnosis and management.

Recent findings

The incidence of tick-borne diseases in the United States has increased. New tick-borne diseases have emerged and will likely continue to be identified.

Since renal (P) RR is upregulated in hypertension and implicated in the pathogenesis of malignant hypertension, we hypothesized that (pro) renin receptor promoter is enriched with activating histone

codes in the kidney of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR).

Methods: The mRNA and protein expression BEZ235 levels were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot, respectively. The DNA methylation status of (P)RR promoter region was analyzed by bisulfite sequencing. The histone modifications were determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by real-time PCR.

Results: The (P)RR mRNA expression in the kidney was about six times greater in SHR than in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. The (P)RR promoter was little methylated in the kidneys of both WKY and SHR. Acetylated histone H3 (H3Ac) and di-methylated histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4me2), activating histone codes, were about 25 and three times higher in SHR than in WKY, respectively. On the other hand, di-methylated P005091 mouse histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9me2), a suppressive histone code, was 50 times lower in SHR than in WKY.

Conclusion: These results suggest that the (P)RR promoter is enriched with activating histone codes in the kidneys of SHR.”
“Primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1) is a rare metabolic disorder

caused by a defect in glyoxylate metabolism attributable to low or absent activity of the liver-specific peroxisomal enzyme alanine/glyoxylate aminotransferase. This defect leads to enhanced conversion of

glyoxylate to poorly soluble oxalate, which is then excreted into the urine. This process may lead to deposition of calcium oxalate crystals in many tissues as well as in the kidneys, resulting in nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis, and/or renal failure.

We present a 39-year-old patient with end-stage renal failure due to PH1, who was admitted with symptoms of feeling bloated, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain related to encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS). He had been treated with peritoneal dialysis for a total period of 5 years.

EPS GSK J4 is a rare condition characterized by fibrosis and adhesions of the peritoneum to loops of the small intestine and has been described secondary to treatment with peritoneal dialysis. It also occurs in a variety of other clinical conditions such as autoimmune diseases and peritoneal and intra-abdominal malignancies.

The calcium oxalate crystals found in the peritoneal fascia of this particular patient may suggest a causative relationship between crystal deposits and evolution to fibrosis and sclerosis of the peritoneum. The degree of impact of the peritoneal dialysis treatment itself on the development of EPS, however, is uncertain.